RESEARCH - sampling Study Guide Questions Fully Solved/2024.

Population - correct answer It is the entire set of units from which you are going to be drawing your sample from and the group in which the results of your study will be generalized to Elements - correct answer Every individual in a population or sample Sample - correct answer -The group of elements selected to represent the larger population to make inferences about that larger population - Selecting elements through which observations will be made - We participate in sampling everyday of our lives without thinking - it is important to think about the way in which we go about sampling and the consequences sampling has such as (labelling, stereotypes etc) Sampling frame - correct answer A list of all the elements, or units containing elements in a population. (ex. class roster) Enumeration units - correct answer Units that are containing one or more element, part of your population but are not directly your elements. (example: if you wanted to do a study on the food quality of campus, you want to ask students that LIVE ON CAMPUS, so you can obtain a list of the individual dorm rooms which are the enumeration units, but these still need to be broken down into individuals) Sampling unit - correct answer -unit that is listed at each stage of the sampling frame, a population that is selected for inclusion in the sampling frames, but is your secondary source, not directly your elements In simple terms: they can be a population that you include within your research that is not directly your sample, because they cannot answer your research question directly (example:while conducting a study of the food on campus, you want to use students that live on campus as your primary research elements because they eat on campus the most, BUT, you could also include random students on campus that are not in dorm rooms, and these would be your secondary research subjects) Representative sample - correct answer Sample that is assumed to accurately represent the whole population, assumes the characteristics of the sample are similar to the population through which it was drawn Sample bias and error - correct answer Occurs when there is a difference between your sample and the larger population - distortion in the representativeness in the population - most likely occurs due to non- random sampling Ways in which we evaluate generalizability - correct answer 1. If the information from the sample can be used to make inferences about the population from which it was drawn 2. If the information collected from the sample can be generalized to a slightly DIFFERENT population Factors that minimize sampling error - correct answer 1. The larger the sample, the better chance we will be able to generalize 2. The more homogeneous the population, the more likely it is that we will be able to generalize it to the entire population. Sample distributions (how is sample size determined) - correct answer - For each variable in your study, you should count 10 individuals - sample size is also related to your ability to statistically calculate how much margin of error you are willing to tolerate in your study (generally researchers have to aim for 5% margin of error, or 95% accuracy) this is what we discuss within inferential statistics and is what we call confidence interval - the extent to which we can say that are sample represents our population accurately, and thus the extend to which we can draw from our sample, inferences about the larger population. - Note: the LARGER the population size the SMALLER sample you will need in order to obtain 95% accuracy Random Selection: - correct answer Process in which individuals are selected to be a part of the sample, in which everyone has an equal chance of being selected Random assignment - correct answer Process through which you randomly assign individuals from your sample to either and experimental group or a control gr