Pharmacology Chapters 1-13 Exam Questions With Complete Answers All Correct/2024.

Drug - correct answer Any substance that is taken to cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition. Pharmacology - correct answer The study of medicine. Pharmacotherapy/Pharmacotherapeutics - correct answer Application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering. Indications and Contraindications - correct answer The conditions for which a drug is approved are its indications. Every drug has at least one indication. Some drugs are used for conditions for which they have not been approved; these are called unlabeled or off- label indications. Therapeutic classification - correct answer -Based on their usefulness in treating a specific disease -The key to therapeutic classification is to simply state what condition is being treated by the particular drug. -The prefix anti- refers to therapeutic classification. Pharmacologic Classification - correct answer -Addresses a drugs mechanism of action or how a drug produces its effect in the body. -More specific than therapeutic -Requires biochemistry and pathophysiology Chemical name - correct answer -Assigned using standard nomenclature. -A drug has only one chemical name -Helpful in predicting a drugs physical and chemical properties. Generic name - correct answer Name assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council. Less complicated and easy to remember. Trade Name - correct answer Sometimes called the proprietary product, or brand name is assigned by the pharmaceutical company maketing the drug. Exclusivity - correct answer Typical length of exclusivity for a new drug is 5 years. Combination drug - correct answer Drugs with more than one active generic ingredient. Pros and Cons of Generic Drugs - correct answer Generic drugs are less expensive than brand name drugs, by they may differ in bioavailability. (The rate at which drug produces its effect.) The nurses responsibility for knowledge in regards to pharmacotherapeutics... - correct answer Is what drug is ordered including name and drug classification, intended or proposed used, effects on the body, contraindications, special considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, and pathophysiologic states affect pharmacotheraputic response), expected and potential adverse events, why the drug was prescribed how the drug is supplied by the pharmacy, administration of the drug, and what considerations apply to the patient. The major goal to study pharmacology... - correct answer is to eliminate medication errors and to limit the number and severity of adverse drug events. To prevent medication errors RN's can - correct answer Routinely apply their experience and knowledge of pharmacotherapeutics to clinical practice. It is vital the nurse be prepared to cognized and respond to potential adverse effects of the medication. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (pharmokinetic and pharmodynamics). - correct answer Normal aging processes can alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics responses to drugs. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (absorption) - correct answer Overall, absorption of nutrients and drugs tend to slow with aging. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (plasma levels drug concentration in tissues) - correct answer Age related increases in fat storage cause lipid soluble drugs to be stored in the body for extended periods, leading to lower plasma levels and increased drug concentrations in the tissues. Age related changes in the liver - correct answer Include reduced hepatic function, decreased liver mass, diminished blood flow, and alteration in the activity of hepatic enzymes. Frequency of administration for older adults - correct answer Should be decreased to avoid toxicity due to drug accumulation. Older adults and receptors - correct answer Pharmacodynamic changes are usually associated with drug receptors. Evidence suggests that older adults have a decreased number of receptors. The government agency that is responsible for regulating drugs in the United States. - correct answer FDA-Food and Drug Administration. o Protect the public health. o Speeding innovations that make medicines and food more effective. o Helping the public get more accurate information. Overall process to get new drugs on the market. - correct answer o Step 1-Pre-Clinical research: Involves extensive lab testing by the parmacutical company. If the drug appears promising the pharmaceutical company submits an investigational New drug (IND) application. (contains animal testing) o Step 2: After animal testing comes clinal phase trials which is the longest part of the approval process. The clinical trial has three different phases. • Phase 1- testing is conducted on 20-80 healthy volunteers for several months to determine proper dosage and to assess for adverse effects. If unaccepted levels of toxicity are noted, trials are stoped. • Phase 2- Several hundred patients with the disease are treated with drug. Compared with a placebo to test effectiveness. Also can be compared to a drug already available. • Phase 3- Large numbers of patients with the disease are given the drug to determine patient variability. Patients with chronic conditions are given the drug to determine safety. o Step 3: If the new drug shows promise a New Drug application is submitted to the FDA. If accepted, manufacturer may be able to start selling the drug. o Step 4- Post market surveillance: Occurs after the NDA review has been completed. The purpose of stage 4 is to survey for harmful drug effects in a larger population. Difference between over the counter and prescript