CBRN INTRODUCTION Exam Questions and Answers All Correct

CBRN INTRODUCTION Exam Questions and Answers All Correct INTRODUCTION TO CBRN Define the following term: Terrorism - Answer-The deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change ... [which] is specifically designed to have far-reaching political consequences beyond the immediate victim(s) or object of the terrorist attack.'' Classic/conventional terrorism - Answer-Limited objectives (usually political) • Limited range of weapons (e.g, guns and bombs) Modern/unconventional terrorism - Answer-• Variety of actors. • Multinetworked organizations. • Religious nexus. • Rogue or near-failed states. • Asymmetric warfare is common. • Blurring of crime and terrorism. • Evolution of cyber threats. • Evolving technical expertise on CBRNE from rogue states. Conventional warfare/terror - Answer-A form of warfare/terror conducted by using conventional weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation. The forces on each side are well-defined, and fight using weapons that primarily target the opponent's military. It is normally fought using conventional weapons, and not with chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons. Unconventional Terrorism - Answer-''unconventional'' refers to a practice that is not standard or customary, unconventional warfare represents what may be considered by some to be an ''abnormal'' or ''uncommon'' form of warfare. Unconventional conflicts are collectively called complex humanitarian emergencies (CHEs). It has been suggested that if conventional warfare/terror refers to confrontations between roughly equal state militaries, then unconventional warfare may be designated as warfare between unmatched adversaries or between a state and at least one non-state actor. Characteristically, unconventional conflicts/CHEs result in more civilian victims than military personnel casualties, a level that may be as high as 10 civilians for every militant killed. In what other ways are unconventional events different from conventional events? - Answer-Quiet appearance (no explosion) vs. noisy Characteristic appearance of first casualties Nature of substance unknown at first Wide range of noxious substances and ways of exposure Severity of injury depends on distance from epicenter (and may be different if agent used in a close vs open area) First responders injured as well if not protected Weapons of mass destruction - Answer-Include nuclear/ radiological; biological and chemical weapons What methods are used to confirm the use of weapons of mass destruction? - AnswerClinical; environmental/ technical methods HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WARFARE Which war gave birth to the large-scale use of chemical warfare? - Answer-World War I marked the beginning of the use of chemical weapons in war on an unprecedented scale. The first large-scale use of chemical weapons took place near Yves, Belgium, during WWI, when chlorine gas was used in an attack by Germany. Both sides later used phosgene and then sulfur mustard among other agents. Chemical weapons use during WWII - Answer-Chemical weapons were not used extensively on the battlefield, but both Germany and the Allies stockpiled large quantities of these agents. During the war, the United States followed a "no-first-use rule" designated by President FDR that no chemical weapons were to be used unless they were used first by the enemy 1943: Attack on the U.S Ship John Harvey in Bari Harbor, Italy, releasing large quantities of sulfur mustard (unintentional release) : Widespread use of hydrogen cyanide and other asphyxiant agents in the Holocaust. NOTE: The Prof. said no chemical weapons were used during WWII (I think he meant not deliberately in the battlefield) Other wars/conflicts/terror events, were chemical weapons have been used/stockpiled - Answer-: Egypt in Yemen Agent Orange - US in Vietnam Yellow rain - Soviet Union 1980's: Iraq- Iran War (sarin) 1995: Tokyo (sarin) Syrian civil war 2013 (sarin) What happened in 1974 regarding the use of chemical weapons? - Answer-In 1974, following the Vietnam War, the United States ratified the Geneva Protocol, which banned the use of poisonous substances in war. Initially, the United States reserved the right to retaliate if attacked, but in 1991, President George H.W. Bush renounced any use of chemical weapons by the United States even in retaliation.