1|Page
BIO GENETICS 210 FINAL EXAMS 2024
WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS BY
EXPERTS |FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY
GRADED A+ |NEWEST |GUARANTEED
PASS |LATEST UPDATE
Example- cross of two true-breeding pea characters, green and yellow
F1: first filial (offspring) generation
All peas are yellow
Example that discredits blending inheritance
F2: 2nd generation of crossed F1s
3 yellow : 1 green
It is the same pattern with every character of these peas. First generation is all one solid color, 2nd
generation is ¾ and ¼ ratios
Law of Segregation
two alleles separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes (50% of gametes have
one allele, 50% have the other)
Loss-of-Function allele
result in the gene product having less or no function (being partially or wholly inactivated)
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase → Prometaphase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
Interphase
NOT PART OF MITOSIS
DNA replicates
Centromeres (composed of two centrioles) replicate
DNA still loose and dispersed as chromatin
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Prophase
Chromosomes condense
Centrosomes migrate towards poles of cell (now nuclei will form here)
Spindle fibers extend towards equator
Prometaphase
Chromosomes fully condensed
Nuclear envelope dissolves
Centrosomes at opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at kinetochores
Metaphase
Chromosomes moved to metaphase plate
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate
Pulled towards centrosomes by shortening spindle fibers
Telophase
Nuclear envelope forms
Chromosomes diffuse (loosen)
Spindle fibers dismantled
Purpose of mitosis
to create two daughter cells
Proteins involved in mitosis
cohesions, tubulin, separase
Cohesions
protein that holds sister chromatids together
Tubulin
assemble microtubules
Separase
Chromatids held by cohesins until released by separase
Microtubules
Microtubules assembled from tubulin proteins
Organized by centrosomes
Lengthen and shorten to move chromosomes
Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochore
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Located at centromere
Microtubules push/pull chromatids
Cell Cycle
G1, S, G2, M
G1: Gap 1
Growth
Commits to next division
S
S: DNA synthesis
G2: Gap 2
More growth
Express proteins, etc. needed for division
M
mitosis
Cells that are not dividing are in _____
G0
MI
Meiosis I
Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair (tetrad)
Synapse along their lengths
Anaphase I: homologs segregate
One, 2n cell → two, n cells
MII
Meiosis II
Segregates sister chromatids
Two, n cells → four, n cells
Synapsis
when homologs synapse
(synapsis: action of synapse) (synapse: in close contact along length of chromosome)
Crossing-over
homologs exchange portions of sister chromatids
Where the break occurs is effectively random for crossing over
, 4|Page
Under control of specific enzymes (done on purpose)
Typically multiple events per chromosome
Chiasma (pl. Chiasmata)
when chromatids physically cross
Holds tetrad together until anaphase
Crossing-over results in _____________
recombination
Recombination: new arrangements of genes/DNA
Fertilization
fusion of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote (then embryo)
Gametogenesis
production of gametes
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm
Four similar gametes produced (n)
Pollen formation is similar
Oögenesis
production of ova (singl. ovum)
Oogonia (singl. oogonium)
2n cells that produce ova
Primary oocyte
after DNA replication
Secondary oocyte
after MI
Also a polar body, not a gamete
Ovum and another polar body after MI
_____% of the nuclei produced by meiosis aren't intended for fertilization, but the cytoplasm of those
polar bodies is retained by the ovum
75%
Advantage is genetic variation
Leads to four cells, but only one gamete
Dictyate arrest
BIO GENETICS 210 FINAL EXAMS 2024
WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS BY
EXPERTS |FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY
GRADED A+ |NEWEST |GUARANTEED
PASS |LATEST UPDATE
Example- cross of two true-breeding pea characters, green and yellow
F1: first filial (offspring) generation
All peas are yellow
Example that discredits blending inheritance
F2: 2nd generation of crossed F1s
3 yellow : 1 green
It is the same pattern with every character of these peas. First generation is all one solid color, 2nd
generation is ¾ and ¼ ratios
Law of Segregation
two alleles separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes (50% of gametes have
one allele, 50% have the other)
Loss-of-Function allele
result in the gene product having less or no function (being partially or wholly inactivated)
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase → Prometaphase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
Interphase
NOT PART OF MITOSIS
DNA replicates
Centromeres (composed of two centrioles) replicate
DNA still loose and dispersed as chromatin
,2|Page
Prophase
Chromosomes condense
Centrosomes migrate towards poles of cell (now nuclei will form here)
Spindle fibers extend towards equator
Prometaphase
Chromosomes fully condensed
Nuclear envelope dissolves
Centrosomes at opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at kinetochores
Metaphase
Chromosomes moved to metaphase plate
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate
Pulled towards centrosomes by shortening spindle fibers
Telophase
Nuclear envelope forms
Chromosomes diffuse (loosen)
Spindle fibers dismantled
Purpose of mitosis
to create two daughter cells
Proteins involved in mitosis
cohesions, tubulin, separase
Cohesions
protein that holds sister chromatids together
Tubulin
assemble microtubules
Separase
Chromatids held by cohesins until released by separase
Microtubules
Microtubules assembled from tubulin proteins
Organized by centrosomes
Lengthen and shorten to move chromosomes
Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochore
,3|Page
Located at centromere
Microtubules push/pull chromatids
Cell Cycle
G1, S, G2, M
G1: Gap 1
Growth
Commits to next division
S
S: DNA synthesis
G2: Gap 2
More growth
Express proteins, etc. needed for division
M
mitosis
Cells that are not dividing are in _____
G0
MI
Meiosis I
Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair (tetrad)
Synapse along their lengths
Anaphase I: homologs segregate
One, 2n cell → two, n cells
MII
Meiosis II
Segregates sister chromatids
Two, n cells → four, n cells
Synapsis
when homologs synapse
(synapsis: action of synapse) (synapse: in close contact along length of chromosome)
Crossing-over
homologs exchange portions of sister chromatids
Where the break occurs is effectively random for crossing over
, 4|Page
Under control of specific enzymes (done on purpose)
Typically multiple events per chromosome
Chiasma (pl. Chiasmata)
when chromatids physically cross
Holds tetrad together until anaphase
Crossing-over results in _____________
recombination
Recombination: new arrangements of genes/DNA
Fertilization
fusion of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote (then embryo)
Gametogenesis
production of gametes
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm
Four similar gametes produced (n)
Pollen formation is similar
Oögenesis
production of ova (singl. ovum)
Oogonia (singl. oogonium)
2n cells that produce ova
Primary oocyte
after DNA replication
Secondary oocyte
after MI
Also a polar body, not a gamete
Ovum and another polar body after MI
_____% of the nuclei produced by meiosis aren't intended for fertilization, but the cytoplasm of those
polar bodies is retained by the ovum
75%
Advantage is genetic variation
Leads to four cells, but only one gamete
Dictyate arrest
