CPO 3303 Final Exam wit correct verified answers 2024

Which of the following statements best describes Latin America? - correct answer It is a region of extreme inequalities What does liberalism -"Classic Liberalism"-mean in the case of Latin America? - correct answer It means limited government and economic laissez-faire According to Chasteen, how can Latin America history be valuable to the US? - correct answer Because it offers new ways to understand US history What best characterizes the first reaction that the Portuguese had toward their land in Brazil? - correct answer They believed it was a place that did not have much to offer aside from the Brazilian wood Most of the rewards received by the Spanish colonists for their conquests consisted of - correct answer Indian workers entrusted to them for labor What type of society did fully sedentary people of the New World tend to be - correct answer Strongly stratified by class Mestizo children were - correct answer Uable to inherit much from their Spanish fathers In the spite of their limited armies, Spain and Portugal controlled their colonies for 300 year. How could they manage to do so? - correct answer Through the use of a widespread consent by those at the bottom (hegemony) Which of the following best defines the caste system - correct answer It sorted people into fixed categories based on multiple characteristics The Bourbon and Pombaline reforms intended to rationalize and modernize the governance of overseas dominions. When did this happen? - correct answer In the late 1700s Many indigenous people participated in the wars of independence. With which of the following factions did they align themselves? - correct answer Since they did not have much at stake, they decided based on their personal circumstances Father Jose Maria Morelos followed Hidalgo as a leader of Mexico's movement for independence. What ideas did he promote? - correct answer The end of the caste system In the context of Latin American independence, what does nativism mean? - correct answer A claim to an American identity Which of the following statements best describes the ideas proposed by the conversations of the time? - correct answer They defended traditions values, wanted Catholicism to remain as the official region, and believed the common people should "know their place" Which of the following statements best describes patronage? - correct answer It is a system whereby people in power distribute spoils to friends and family in exchange for their loyalty What were the direct consequences of the wars of independence on the Latin America economy? - correct answer International trade passed from the hands of the Peninsulars into the hands of US and British traders, and Creole What brought pride to the Brazilian elite? - correct answer The fact that, in contract with Spanish America, Brazil had a peaceful transition toward independence At what time was liberalism most popular in Latin America - correct answer From 1850 to 1880 Which statement best describes the relationship between women and liberalism during the second half of the nineteenth century? - correct answer Liberalism changed the lives of a selected group of women What was the darker side of Latin America liberalism? - correct answer Its racial ideas Where did 90 percent of all Latin American exports go during the neocolonial period? - correct answer Europe and the United States By 1910, the year that Mexican Revolution started, what percentage of Mexicans owned land? - correct answer 3 percent What happened to the indigenous people of the Andres during the neocolonial period? - correct answer They lost their village lands Country of origin of most of the export companies in Central America? - correct answer The United States Who was the leader of nationalism in Brazil? - correct answer Getulio Vargas How did the new nationalists react toward foreign investment? - correct answer They strongly criticized it What do the governments of Juan Peron in Argentina and Getulio Vargas in Brazil have in common? - correct answer Both promoted national industrialization Why did Guatemala become a major concern for United States in the 1950s? - correct answer Two nationalist presidents implemented radical social reforms How did race relations change after the Cuban Revolution? - correct answer Black Cubans gained full legal equality in relation to whites after the revolution To which audience did populist leaders appeal? - correct answer Lower-middle class Roughly how long was the colonization period? - correct answer 300 years—most Latin American countries were independent by 1825. How do Latin American nationalists feel about foreign influence? - correct answer They believe in resisting the influence of outside control Which three countries in Latin America are characterized by a large population of indigenous people? - correct answer Guatemala, Bolivia, and Peru Which of the following defines the largest number of New World inhabitants at the time of the Encounter? - correct answer Nonsedentary or Semisedentary people Besides his strategy and weaponry, as well as knowledge of his adversaries, what else helped Hernan Cortes defeat the Aztecs? - correct answer The smallpox virus What statement best describes an encomienda? - correct answer The encomienda is an institution whereby groups of indigenous people were legally "entrusted" to a Spanish conqueror with the duty of paying him labor and/or tribute What was the "royal fifth" - correct answer A 20% tax on mining, and the prime source of colonial revenue The main racial and cultural mechanism used to organize society hierarchically in colonial Spanish and Portuguese America was - correct answer the "caste system" The Bourbon and Pombaline reforms were - correct answer Late colonial transformations of the colonial economy During the colonial period the church was so powerful because it: - correct answer All of the options are true : (Exercised hegemony among the entire population, was very wealthy, controlled all eduational institutions) What was the outcome of Brazil's fight for independence in 1822? - correct answer The formation of a constitutional empire Simon Bolivar fought to liberate several countries in Latin America. Which of the following countries were liberated by Bolivar? - correct answer Colombia and Venezuela The movements for independence in Buenos Aires and Caracas were - correct answer Movements started by well-educated Creole elites ("revolutions from above") Who are the Creoles in the context of the Spanish Colonies? - correct answer Whites of Spanish descent born in Spanish America Which of the following countries, if any, was still a monarchy in 1825? - correct answer Brazil Did the wars of independence mark a significant change for most people? - correct answer Some things changed, but most things stayed the same What happened to the caste systems after independence? - correct answer It was banished from parish records and censuses What was the main mode of subsistence for indigenous people during the first half of the eighteenth century? - correct answer Subsistence agriculture Within the liberal model, what did landowners desire? - correct answer To sell products on the international marker What was a "fuero" and who enjoyed it in Mexico? - correct answer The fuero was a broad legal exemption enjoyed by the clergy Why did Alberdi urge the government to promote European immigration to Argentina? - correct answer Argentina had a small population, and Europeans were supposedly superior people What was the darker side of liberalism? - correct answer Its racial ideas Which were the consequences of the Brazilian "free birth" law? - correct answer The law established that slaves would remain slaves, but their children would be born free Which of the following statements best describes the first couple of decades after the triumph of liberalism in Latin America? - correct answer Landowners and the urban middle-class people prospered, but the life of the rural majority barely improved How did social hierarchies change in Latin America in terms of social hierarchies as a result of liberal policies? - correct answer Hierarchical relations of race and class remained the norm Where did 90 percent of all Latin American exports go during the neocolonial period? - correct answer Europe and the United States Who were the direct and major beneficiaries of the export boom? - correct answer The large landowners What was the name of the of the most important banana company in Central America? - correct answer United Fruit From what country were the owners of most of the export companies in Central America? - correct answer The United States Which group did the new nationalists represent? - correct answer The urban middle class What global event marked the end of neocolonialism and the emergence of the nationalist movement? - correct answer The Great Depression of the 1930s What does ISI stand for? - correct answer Import-Substitution Industrialization Where was ISIs most likely to work? - correct answer In countries with a large national market Which of the following was the primary goal of Vargas's Estado Novo in Brazil? - correct answer Industrialization Which statement best describes populism? - correct answer It is a leadership style based in mass politics Who was Raul Prebisch? - correct answer A Latin American economist who defined Latin America's economic problems in terms of center and periphery What did Getulio Vargsas and Juan D. Peron have in common? - correct answer They were highly popular political leaders who favored reforms to benefit workers Why were Latin Americans so disenchanted with the United States during the 1950s and throughout the Cold War? - correct answer Because US foreign aid went mostly to Europe in the form of the Marshall Plan How did the United States react to the Bolivian revolution of the early 1950s? - correct answer By constructively engaging the new regime and sending US aid Early after its triumph, The Cuban Revolution deeply worried the United States because - correct answer It was unclear which side the new Cuban government would be on during the Cold War Which of the following was a direct consequence of the national security doctrine? - correct answer Most Latin American armed forces started to take an active role in their own local and national affairs Where were the "last battles" of the Cold War fought? - correct answer Central America Why was the victory of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua during the late 1970s possible? - correct answer A widespread rebellion began when the Somozas killed a prominent conservative journalist Who were Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo? - correct answer Mothers whose children had disappeared at the hands of the dictatorship. Which of the following is true about Salvador Allende? - correct answer He was a socialist who became president of Chile in 1970 Which statement best describes the Brazilian government that started in 1964? - correct answer It was an undemocratic government under the guise of a constitutional government According to Smith and Sells, what is true about Miliary Coups in Latin America? - correct answer Coups showed a declining trend throughout the 20th century, reaching an all-time low between 1990 and 2000 Which of the following is not one of the four variables, presented by Smith and Sells, to differentiate between a programmatic military government and a mindless tyranny? - correct answer Whether the regime commits human rights abuses or not According to Remmer, in this type of regime, the "central thrust is demobilizational rather than mobilizational. Popular sector groups thus become a principal source of opposition to military rule, rather than a base of support" - correct answer Reactionary/Exclusionary Which of the following is not a pattern of civil-military relations that emerged throughout Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s? - correct answer Military Junta In terms of economic policies, what did the neoliberals believe in? - correct answer In the free market According to Chasteen, which country was considered the "neoliberal poster child" - correct answer Chile Which class benefited the most from the neoliberal economic policies? - correct answer Middle class What did all the leaders of the "new left" commit themselves to do, at least in principle? - correct answer Place the well-being of the lower class above the logic of capitalism Did the Zapatistas support neoliberalism? - correct answer No, they did not Which of the following is a reason that explains the adoption of presidential systems in Latin America after the re-establishment of democracy? - correct answer Latin American countries had a tradition of presidentialism Which of the following countries does not allow presidential reelection at all? - correct answer Mexico When a president rules by decree she/he is exercising this type of constitutional power: - correct answer Proactive Which of the following is not true about Latin American legislatures? - correct answer Legislatures have not been able to play a positive role in the region All of the following are conditions necessary for a high level of party institutionalization except: - correct answer A constant and stable flow of financial resources from private citizens that support the party