Biol 240 - UW - Final Exam questions and answers graded A+

Not very many proteins in the eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane. Where did they go? - Answer-They are still in the membrane and they are still busy, but most of the proteins went to the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. Cellulose and Chitin - Answer-Use specific b-1,4-glycosidic bonds between sugars provides strength and rigidity. In algae Fungi - Cell Wall - Answer-You have a NAG in chitin for cell walls in fungi. The cell wall is all NAGs Cytoskeleton Function - Answer-Involved in intracellular trafficking, motion, and cell division can be observed via fluorescent microscopy Axoneme Structure - Answer-Nine pairs of micro tubules and two more single microtubules in the middle (9 + 2 array) A new halophile in the dead sea was found. What will its cell wall look like? - Answer-It is an archaea so something with NAG and NAT What is the correct match for Tubulin? - Answer-FtsZ What is the correct match for Actin? - Answer-MreB What is the correct match for Plasmids? - Answer-ParM What is the correct match for Cellulose? - Answer-Algae Pseudopods - Answer-Small "false feet". Powered by actin and ATP for mobility Heterotrophic - Answer-A carbon eaterFungi - Answer-Heterotrophic; cell walls of chitin; used to make bread, beer, wine. Easy, cheap tool to study eukaryotic structures/gene expression Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been heavily studied. It is the model organism for what? - Answer-Fungi Fungi, Protozoa, and Slime Molds all use what type of metabolism? - Answer-Heterotrophic Algae uses what type of metabolism? - Answer-Phototrophic Which of the following may have pseudopods and often do not have cell walls? - Answer-Protozoa and Slime Molds Which of the following eukaryotes can be non-motile? - Answer-Fungi and Algae Which of the following eukaryotes can have flagella? - Answer-Protozoa and Algae Fungi - Chytridiomycota - Answer-Early branching, "watermolds", Laurel Creek banks Fungi - Zygomycota - Answer-Rhizopus, bread mold!, lab contamination Fungi - Glomeromycota - Answer-Mycorrhizal fungi. Extremely important for plants/trees. Fungi - Ascomycota - Answer-Called "spore shooters", cup/sac fungi, yeast Fungi - Basidiomycota - Answer-Called "spore droppers", "club fungi", traditional mushroom producing fungi Protozoa - Answer-As a whole, a (very) broad category. Some heterotrophic, some photosynthetic. Variable cell walls and different motility strategies. Different reproduction strategiesProtzoa - Giardia Lamblia - Answer-Genetically "old", lacks mitochondria. Causes human disease (Giardia infection, Beaver Fever). Uses fermentation metabolism Slime Moulds - Model Organisms - Answer-Dictyostelium discoideum - NOT still protozoan. Model for studying ecology, cell motility, and cell-cell communication Physarum - Fuses many cells into a continuous, multinucleate giant cell Algae - Answer-Many are multicellular. All are photosynthetic with cellulose cell walls Chlamydomonas - Answer-The model organism for algae. Has a two-flagella form good for studying eukaryal flagella biogenesis/function. Durable and easy to grow. Use an "eye" spot in the cell (little red spot) to detect light and decide how close to sit to the waters surface Replication of Eukaryotic Microorganisms - Answer-Life cycles are more complicated due to haploid/diploid states. Possibilities for sexual or asexual reproduction Mitosis - Answer-Basic cell division that produces two identical cells from one original cell Meiosis - Answer-Four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. The haploid cells are genetically diverse. One round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell division Genetic Recombination - Answer-Segregation of maternal/paternal chromosomes. A "crossing over" between chromosomes occurs prior to segregation, this ensures each haploid cell is genetically distinct Saccharomyces (Fungi) Life Cycle - Answer-Can undergo meiosis to form an ascus (skin bag, the ascus is for meiosis). Haploid mating types can fuse to reproduce sexually or be maintained by asexual mitosis. Not limited to ascus formation. Budding off of smaller cells can occur or fission of identically sized cells. When the small cells bud off they leave scars behind on the larger cells Chlamydomonas (Algae) Life Cycle - Answer-Chlamydomonas maintains a motile haploid state. In favourable environments mitosis occurs. Haploid cells differentiate and fuse into a diploid form in bad conditions (spore formation)Dictyostelium (Slime Mould) Life Cycle - Answer-Exists in a haploid unicellular form until conditions worsen. Multicellular "slug" is formed with a stalk and a fruiting body. Spores form in the fruiting body, restarting the life cycle as haploid cells. Haploid cells can fuse into a diploid macrocyst form. Macrocyst form undergoes meiosis to generate more haploid cells Beer. Wine. Bread. Cell Wall? - Answer-All NAGs Why does Dictoostelium generate macrocysts? - Answer-To generate large numbers of gametes that have new genetic combinations and minimizing the impact of detrimental genes Penicillin acts on what? - Answer-FtsI and Transpeptidation True or False - An axoneme is an array where nine pairs of microtubules are wrapped around a core pair of microtubules - Answer-True Endosymbiotic Theory - Answer-Life started 4.5 to 4 billion years ago, but eukaryotes appeared around 2.1 to 1.6 billion years ago. One primitive microorganism (archaea) engulfed/ingested another (bacteria, probably a proteobacteria), forming a symbiosis. At least two endosymbiotic events must have occurred (mitochondria, chloroplasts) Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - Answer-Mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble bacteria in both size and shape. Double membranes (host and bacterium) has all ester linkages. "Cell" division with FtsZ. Each has its own DNA, rRNA more similar to bacterial sequences than eukaryal ones. Circular chromosome Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - Exception - Answer-Amitochondriates lack mitochondria. Cells likely evolved out of using them to obtain energy (Giardia is an example) Endosymbiosis in Modern Cells - Answer-Two cells together are better than one alone. When amoebas were infected with x-bacteria, most of the amoebas died, but some survived Endosymbiosis Experiment - Answer-Hypothesis - Viable bacteria remained inside the surviving amoebas Experiment - Treat amoebas with antibioticsResults - Following treatment with antibiotics, both bacteria and amoebas died Conclusion - Amoebas had become dependent on bacteria for survival Paramecium ingesting algae and using them for photosynthesis. - Answer-It hosts them and allows them to continue with photosynthesis has they are exposed to the light. They take CÓ and release sugars for paramecium. When the light is gone and sugar stops being produced, the paramecium will break down the algae and digest it Malaria - Answer-An infection of red blood cells by protists Diseases Caused by Microbes - Answer-The challenge in treating these conditions is that we want to kill the pathogen (which is made of eukaryotic cells) but not the host (which is made of eukaryotic cells) Fungi and Human Disease - Answer-Fungi are less likely to cause disease, but can do so in immunocompromised individuals. Fungi can cause oral thrush and athletes foot Fungi and Plant Disease - Answer-Protozoa and fungi can cause significant disease in plants. Potato blight and the great Irish famine, mid-1800's. Phytophthora infestans causes potato blight. Caused thousands to immigrate. Phytophthora have cell walls made of cellulose. It sort of looks like fungi and it sort of looks like plants Rhytisma (Tar Spot) - Answer-Infects maple trees. When it rains, the tar spots will shoot spores. This interferes with the ability of the leaves to perform photosynthesis. It is a parasite of maple trees. It doesn't have a huge lasting impact, the tree generally doesn't suffer. Having these on the trees might mean that your air quality is good. Japanese maple trees are immune to this Cordyceps - Answer-Infect ants and eat their insides. They then grow out of the ants dead bodies so that when it rains the spores will be spread to everything below Beneficial Roles of Eukaryal Microbes - Answer-Primary producers provide energy. Some algae produce great amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis in the oceans. Biodegraders recycle nutrients. Microbial eukaryotes break down dead animals and plants so that we aren't living in a world of carcasses. Some eukaryal microbes can degrade cellulose, recycling plant matter better than animals canTadigrades (Water Bears) - Answer-Not always tough. They are only tough when they are in a dehydrated resting state (the tun state). But they are nowhere near are tough as gram positive bacteria Which methanogens are the most popular in the environment? - Answer-Hydrogenoclastic If you are out of mushrooms you are out of? - Answer-Chytridiomycota Dough is made out what before it gets mouldy? - Answer-Ascomycota Which of the following arrangements might result in have flagella at either end of the cell? - AnswerAmphitricus