USAHS Clinical Neuroscience Exam Questions with Complete Solutions

USAHS Clinical Neuroscience Exam Questions with Complete Solutions What are the 5 steps of neurological development in order? - Answer-Neurulation, cell proliferation, migration and aggregation, formation of axonal and dendritic processes, and synaptogenesis ______________ involves the formation of the neural crest and neural tube. - AnswerNeurulation Cell proliferation occurs within the ________ _______. - Answer-Neural tube During the migration and aggregation phase of embryological development the cells migrate/aggregate within _________ locations. - Answer-Definitive True or false: Cranial nerves are formed during the formation of axonal and dendritic processes phase of embryological development. - Answer-True ____________ occurs around day 14 of development. - Answer-Neurulation During __________ the embryo is in the process of gastrolation. - Answer-Neurulation The __________ is three cell layers thick and includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. - Answer-Gastrula The entire nervous system is derived from the ____________ ___________. - AnswerEmbryonic ectoderm On day _____ the notochord develops followed by the neural tube on day _______. - Answer-21, 28 The _______ ________ develops into the the entire CNS. - Answer-Neural tube Neural crest cells develop into the ______. - Answer-PNS What two pathologies can occur during the first stage of embryological development? - Answer-Spina bifida (failure of POSTERIOR neuropore to close) and anencephaly (failure of the ANTERIOR neuropore to close) What does the prosencephalon divide into? - Answer-telencephalon and diencephalon What are the derivatives of the telencephalon and diencephalon? - Answertelencephalon: rhinoencephalon (lateral ventricles) diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerves, neurohypophysis, and pineal gland (third ventricle) What is the derivative of the mesencephalon? - Answer-Midbrain (cerebral aqueduct) What does the rhombencephalon divide into? - Answer-metencephalon and myelencephalon What are the derivatives of the metencephalon and myelencephalon? - AnswerMetencephalon: cerebellum and pons (fourth ventricle) Myelencephalon: medulla (fourth ventricle) What does the primitive neural tube divide into? - Answer-Neural tube and neural crest What are the derivatives of the neural tube and neural crest? - Answer-Neural tube: spinal cord (central canal) Neural crest: peripheral nerve ganglia The anterior commissure is _________ to the posterior commissure. - Answer-Rostral The thalamus is ________to the frontal lobe. - Answer-Caudal The cerebellum is _________ to the pons. - Answer-Dorsal The anterior horn of the SC is _________ to the posterior horn of the SC. - AnswerVentral During the __________ ___________ phase of embryological development the sulcus limitans pushes bilaterally inside of the neural tube and starts to divide the tube into a ventral and dorsal portion. - Answer-Cell proliferation (ventral portion= baslar plate; efferent motor and the dorsal portion= alar plate; sensory) During the cell proliferation phase the innermost layer (ependyaml aka germinal) creates the lining of the __________. - Answer-Ventricles (helps the cilia) During the cell proliferation phase the intermediate layer becomes the ___________. - Answer-Mantle (gray matter) During the cell proliferation phase the marginal layer becomes ________ ________. - Answer-White matter