Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen

Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen passive immunity Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized individual Examples of passive immunity IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies) Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid) 135-145 mEq/L Calcium value normal range 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Phosphate value normal range 2.5-4.5 mg/dL Magnesium value normal range 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) 23-30 mEq/L Condition of low potassium 3.5 mEq/L hypokalemia Condition of high potassium 5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia Condition of sodium 135 mEq/L hyponatremia / hypernatremia Condition of high sodium145 mEq/L hypernatremia condition of low phosphate 2.5 mg/dL hypophophatemia Condition of high phosphate 4.5 mg/dL Hyperphosphatemia Condition of low chloride 96 mEq/L hypochloremia Condition of high chloride 106 mEq/L Hyperchloremia Condition of low magnesium 1.5 mEq/L hypomagnesemia Condition of high magnesium 2.5 mEq/L Hypermagesemia condition of low calcium 9mg/dL hypocalcemia condition of high calcium 11mg/dL hypercalcemia Pathophysiology the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings Pathology the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids Etiology The study of the causes and origins of disease 4 topics of pathophysiology etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment pathogenesis development or evolution of a disease clinical manifestation signs and symptoms or evidence of disease exacerbation a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptom remission decline in severity of symptoms sequela a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury acute sudden onset and short duration chronic long term Primary level of prevention altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons Example of primary prevention Immunization, health/sex ed, quit smoking drinking or poor diet. Secondary level of prevention -conduction activities that help prevent a worsening health status by detection or management of diseases examples of secondary prevention Self breast exams, yearly cancer screenings, proper management of diabetes Tertiary level of prevention -supports optimal functioning -prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury Examples of tertiary prevention rehabilitation after brain injury, surgery to correct chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic symptoms 3 stages of adaptation (GAS) alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion adaptation/resistance stage trying to return to homeotasis alarm stage fight or flight response reduced resistance to stressors release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone) exhaustion stage cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up. where is fluid excreted? skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest amount from urine) Causes of extracellular fluid deficits loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure. what is the electrolyte pool? bone marrow reservoir for calcium, magnesium and phosphate causes of edema increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability Hypokalemia S/S altered muscle function and weakness,Abd distention, bloating, diminished bowels sounds, constipation, Dysrhythmias, Flat T waves on ECG, hyper polarization leads to less reactive to stimuli, postural hypo tension Hyperkalemia S/S Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea, muscle weakness starting in lower extremities and ascends, Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac arrest Hypocalcemia S/S Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses') Brady, brittle bones, Hypercalcemia S/S Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk for DVT Hyponatremia S/S hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness, Lethargy, Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma, Death Hypernatremia S/S S = Skin flushed A = Agitation L = Low-grade fever T = Thirst eye twitching