(Bundled) Health Psychology Practice Exam 2 CH 6-9, PSY303 Module 4 - Seeking and Using Health Care Services (2 Weeks), Pre-test Health Final (part 1), Psych 313 chapter 9, Psych 313 chapter 8, CH.8, Health CH-7, PSYC 313 Midterm Ch. 7, Quiz 7, Chapter 7

Bundled) Health Psychology Practice Exam 2 CH 6-9, PSY303 Module 4 - Seeking and Using Health Care Services (2 Weeks), Pre-test Health Final (part 1), Psych 313 chapter 9, Psych 313 chapter 8, CH.8, Health CH-7, PSYC 313 Midterm Ch. 7, Quiz 7, Chapter 7 Practice Exam Chronic stress appears to _____. A. contribute to psychological distress and physical illness B. habituate people to negative life events C. be unrelated to negative life events D. be unrelated to illness A. contribute to psychological distress and physical illness During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat. False Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to illness. True The occurrence of daily hassles _____. A. bears no relationship to physical health. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term. C. markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms. D. are poor predictors of physical health than major life events. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that _____. A. outside employment can be harmful for women's well-being B. having control and flexibility over the work environment increases the likelihood of stress C. having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress D. combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem D. combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem Who of the following is LEAST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job? A. Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position. B. Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week. C. Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, is a lawyer with flexible hours. D. Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours. D. Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours. Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload. A. feel less stressed B. practice better health habits C. have a better circadian rhythm D. sustain more health risks D. sustain more health risks Sarah is scheduled for a hysterectomy. A health psychologist visits her in the hospital and finds that she is worried about the pain involved in the surgery. The psychologist clearly explains the procedure to Sarah and answers her questions to ease her worries. He also teaches her a relaxation technique that she can use before the surgery to control her anxiety. The psychologist explains the drug-delivery method to her so she understands when and how much of the pain-relief drug she will receive. In this case, the health psychologist is conducting a(n) _____ intervention. control-enhancing The benefits of social support are greatest when the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs Coping efforts are considered to be successful if they reduce psychological distress. Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides her with a variety of techniques to combat stress and identify the stress carriers in her environment. Sarah is instructed to try the techniques to identify the ones that work best for her so she can confront stressful situations. In this case, the instructor is using ________ training. assertiveness ________ is a form of social support that involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods. tangible assistance What does the buffering hypothesis state about the moderation of stress by social support? Social support offers little benefit in periods of low stress The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the the use of preventative health services The health belief model predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of people with money and access to health services. People sometimes abuse health services by complaining about problems that are medically insignificant. True ________ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious. Appraisal delay A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if it affects a valued organ. Herpes is an example of the ________ model of illness. cyclic In which of the following conditions is treatment adherence likely to be the highest? when a person lives in a cohesive family Mindfulness meditation is known to be an effective treatment for a functional disorder known as fibromyalgia Dietary interventions, which include foods that shift the ________ balance, are a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine. yin-yang ________ involves performing adjustments on the spine and joints to correct misalignments that are believed to both prevent and cure illness. Chiropractic medicine ________ can result from personal theories about a disorder and its treatment. Creative nonadherence Providers who exude warmth, confidence, and empathy get weaker placebo effects than providers who are remote and formal. False Implement interventions designed to communicate effectively with patients by developing a presentation to promote health in a specific community. you can choose to do a powerpoint, a blog post, or youtube video (just easy examples) that will give information about the behavior itself, how it is bad for health, what strategies you can use to help, give good sources, cite properly, and choose delivery based on your population targeted. (Ex - kids - youtube, elderly, live talk with printed handouts, etc.) Describe the various kinds of CAM therapies available and describe complementary and alternative medicine. Moreover, a protocol or regimen's success and adherence to interventions are strengthened by an integrated approach between clients, practitioners, and wellness providers. Sometimes individuals who use CAM do not disclose this information to their other wellness providers, like medical doctors. The health psychology field encourages open communication, as do those who recognize the value of an integrated approach to wellness and thriving. Students are encouraged to explore the medical and wellness services available in their community. Doctors, chiropractors, nutritionists, trainers, spiritual leaders, healers, acupuncturists, therapists, counselors, hospital support groups, and fitness centers are examples of services that can support an individual's ability to sustain health and wellness strategies, promote holistic thriving, and support an integrated model of service. Describe the causes of nonadherance to treatment regimens. A significant area of interest for health psychologists is the research and investigation of factors that influence the adherence and lack of adherence to regimens. An important consideration in effective health services is the relationship established between the wellness provider and the client. The "relationship" is significant not only in the medical model but certainly in the biopsychosocial and holistic wellness models, too. As wellness practitioners seek to provide quality services, it is imperative that we recognize the individualistic nature of clients' cultural considerations including but not limited to: ethnicity, religion, geographic influences, social membership, education, socioeconomic status, etc. It's also important for us to recognize the impact of these factors on health behaviors and holistic wellness. Clear communication and utilizing compassionate, simple terms with clients can help development the strong relationship we want. Avoiding professional jargon and using active listening and collaborative approaches to goals and strategies can strengthen the relationship and support adherence to health and wellness interventions and support the maintenance stage of positive change.Moreover, medication nonadherence is frequent among older adults because of low self-efficacy or a lack of confidence in the physician's knowledge (Chia et al., 2006). A study by Jerry H. Gurwitz and others (2003) showed that adverse drug events are common and often preventable among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. Prevention strategies should target the prescribing and monitoring stages of pharmaceutical care. Interventions focused on improving patient adherence with prescribed regimens and monitoring of prescribed medications may be beneficial. Such results indicate that personal and cultural beliefs are important considerations. Health practitioners hold cognitive representations of illness and the patient prototypes. Thus, practitioner stereotypes about their patients may influence the diagnosis of symptoms as well as the quality of care provided to the patient (Mandy, Lucas, and Hodgson, 2007).The chapter by Dunbar-Jacob and Schlenk (2000) can be used to extend the text's discussion of adherence. The authors examine the problems inherent in assessing adherence and predictors of poor adherence and their relation to clinical outcomes. The authors suggest some interventions to promote adherence. The social support literature provides evidence for the relationship of social support and health. DiMatteo's (2004) meta-analysis indicates that social support may contribute to increased adherence. Christensen's (2004) book discusses nonadherence from a psychological and behavioral perspective. In addition, his experience of working with patients has contributed to his understanding of patient characteristics, personality traits of the patient, family and social support, and finally provider characteristics. Effective nonverbal communication can improve adherence to treatment (Guéguen, Meineri, & Charles-Sire, 2010). Disorganized families with no regular routines have poorer adherence (Hall, Dubin, Crossley, Holmqvist, & D'Arcy, 2009; Jokela, Elovainio, Singh-Manoux, & Kivimäki, 2009; Schreier & Chen, 2010). Describe the different structures and functions of the hospital setting. Until a few decades ago, majority of Americans received health care from private physicians whom paid directly or on visit-by-visit basis, private fee-for-service care. Now, HMO (Health maintenance organization). Pay $ to employer or employee pays monthly rate, then employee uses services at no additional or greatly reduced cost. Called managed care. PPO - preferred-provider organization, affiliated practitioners agree to charge pre-established rates for services, enrolees must choose from practitioners in plan. Communication between doctors and patients can go awry. HMO's are pressured to see as many patients as possible, undermining good care. In PPO's, docs may care more about getting most referrals than being good doctor. Medical office not good for good communication - average time is 12-15 minutes tops. Inattentiveness, use of jargon or baby talk, nonperson treatment, and stereotypes of patients all by docs. Patients contribute to communication problems by health illiteracy, neurotic behavior, and nonadherance to treatment plans. In the hospital, structure depends on the plan underwhich care is delivered. HMO's have own hospitals and doctors, often. Private hospital may have two avenues of authority - the doctors, and the administrative side, who often don't see eye to eye. Explain the medical and psychological significance of pain. Beth Azar (2011) wrote an article "Psychology is key to pain management," which can be found on the American Psychological Association's website. The article briefly talks about pain, methods of managing pain, and the need for better integrated care and research on pain. Pain and Ethnicity Gatchell (2004) provides a comprehensive approach to help individuals who experience acute and chronic pain. Similarly, much research has been conducted to examine cancer pain assessment and management (Chang et al., 2006), the pharmacologic management of cancer pain (Cleary, 2007), spiritual pain among patients with advanced cancer and renal cancer (Mako et al., 2006), and personality characteristics (Green et al., 2008). A recent review of literature (Cintron & Morrison, 2006) reveals several racial and ethnic disparities with regard to pain diagnosis and treatments. For instance, health professionals are more likely to underestimate minority patients' level of pain; African Americans and Latinos are less likely to receive pain medication and more likely not to receive appropriate treatments. Ethnicity and sex may also affect how individuals perceive and express pain (Mailis-Cagnon et al., 2007). Findings also indicate that Latinos are more likely to report more pain relative to Caucasians and, more often, their pain is associated with increased depression (Hernandez & Sachs-Ericsson, 2006). The authors posit that cultural differences in accepting and expressing distress may be associated with higher pain relative to Caucasians. Explain the physiological aspects of pain. Coakley and Kaufman's (2008) book provides an interdisciplinary approach of what pain is: Pain is a sensation that can hurt, cause discomfort, distress, or terrible agony. Research on pain is extensive but much of it still remains a mystery. While scientists show that pain sensations can be shaped by psychological state and interpretation, many individuals and cultures experience pain differently. In this book, neuroscientists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, musicologists, and religious scholars examine the ways that meditation, music, prayer, and ritual can mediate pain, offer a narrative that transcends the sufferer, and give public dignity to private agony. This book includes various topics such as the molecular basis of pain, the controversial status of gate control theory, the possible links between the relaxation response and meditative practices in Christianity and Buddhism, and the mediation of pain and intense emotion in music, dance, and ritual. Turk and Okifuji's (2002, 2003) provide theoretical models and discuss ways to learn pain using learning theory. In addition, they examine the affective and cognitive components of pain. Define illness representations and illness schema, and explain their influence on the interpretation of symptoms. A study by Hamilton and Janata (1997) investigated abnormal illness behavior (that is, the overreporting or exaggerating of physical symptoms, preoccupation with illness, medical tests, and so forth), and they proposed that people with low self-esteem or identity problems engage in these behaviors in an effort to construct a positive sense of self. A more recent article by Miczo (2004) argues that sick-role behavior may be better conceptualized as a set of illness attitudes and care-seeking behaviors. He found that attitudinal factors (release, consideration, burden, and deviance) were moderate predictors of care-seeking intentions, as were stressors and social support for the sick role. Taking the study of sick-role behavior further, Frederick Anyan (2012) researched the differences between sick-role behavior in men and women. The findings from the study indicated that men's conceptualization of illness involved the exhaustion of internal bodily organs and the absence of strength—requiring assistance to function in daily activities. The findings also indicated that women's conceptualization of illness involved mainly the impairment of physiological functioning and the feeling of weakness or nausea. Describe the psychological and social consequences of chronic pain. Pain serves an important purpose by alerting you to injuries such as a sprained ankle or burned hand. Chronic pain, however, is often more complex. People often think of pain as a purely physical sensation. However, pain has biological, psychological and emotional factors. Furthermore, chronic pain can cause feelings such as anger, hopelessness, sadness and anxiety. To treat pain effectively, you must address the physical, emotional and psychological aspects. Medical treatments, including medication, surgery, rehabilitation and physical therapy, may be helpful for treating chronic pain. Psychological treatments are also an important part of pain management. Understanding and managing the thoughts, emotions and behaviors that accompany the discomfort can help you cope more effectively with your pain—and can actually reduce the intensity of your pain.For patients dealing with chronic pain, treatment plans are designed for that particular patient. The plan often involves teaching relaxation techniques, changing old beliefs about pain, building new coping skills and addressing any anxiety or depression that may accompany your pain. One way to do this is by helping you learn to challenge any unhelpful thoughts you have about pain. A psychologist can help you develop new ways to think about problems and to find solutions. In some cases, distracting yourself from pain is helpful. In other cases, a psychologist can help you develop new ways to think about your pain. Studies have found that some psychotherapy can be as effective as surgery for relieving chronic pain because psychological treatments for pain can alter how your brain processes pain sensations.Having a painful condition is stressful. Unfortunately, stress can contribute to a range of health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, depression and anxiety. In addition, stress can trigger muscle tension or muscle spasms that may increase pain. Managing your emotions can directly affect the intensity of your pain. Psychologists can help you manage the stresses in your life related to your chronic pain. Psychologists can help you learn relaxation techniques, such as meditation or breathing exercises to keep stress levels under control. Some psychologists and other health care providers use an approach called biofeedback, which teaches you how to control certain body functions. In biofeedback, sensors attached to your skin measure your stress response by tracking processes like heart rate, blood pressure and even brain waves. As you learn strategies to relax your muscles and your mind, you can watch on a computer screen as your body's stress response decreases. In this way, you can determine which relaxation strategies are most effective, and practice using them to control your body's response to tension. Explain the nature and consequences of delay behavior. Living with one or more of potentially serious health problems without seeking care, sometimes for months, is called delay behavior. Patient may normalize symptoms of heart attack for example as gastric distress or muscle pain. Delay is defined as time between when a person recognizes a symptom and when the person obtains treatment. Appraisal delay - time it takes individual to decide that symptom is serious. Illness delay - time between recognition of a symptom implying illness and the decision to seek treatment. Behavioral delay - time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so. Medical delay - time that elapses between person calling for appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical treatment. Runny nose or sore throat can clear up on own - but in the case of debilitating symptoms, one should not delay. Some people have insurance or financial reasons to delay tx, or those with no regular contact with primary care. Some are phobic about medical services. Doctors can also cause delays by misdiagnosis, or honest mistakes. Describe the nature and effectiveness of interventions designed to teach providers how to communicate effectively with patients. The nonverbal behavior exchanged between patients and their providers may be a revealing source of information about interpersonal expectations and attitudes. A recent study examined the characteristics of physicians that lead to positive patient outcomes (Clark et al., 2007). Some of these characteristics were listening, inquiring about at-home management, nonverbal attention, interactive conversation, tailoring short-term goals, and long-term therapeutic planning. Conversely, patients often complain about being treated in a patronizing or dehumanizing fashion by medical providers. Using "baby talk" (that is, short, simplistic sentences) is perceived differently. When individuals perceived "baby talk" more positively, they reported higher self-esteem, but when elderly individuals associated "baby talk" with perceptions of superiority, they reported lower self-esteem (O'Connor & Rigby, 1996). Physician's depersonalizing behaviors can lead to poor quality encounters, low patient satisfaction, and low adherence to medical treatment (William, Savage, & Linzer, 2006). Farrah Schwartz, Mandy Lowe, and Lynne Sinclair (2010) in their article talk about how the ability to successfully convey ideas to the individual with differing roles, capabilities, and priorities is identified as a facilitator to the efficiency of overall healthcare. Describe the social and psychological factors that influence the recognition and interpretation of symptoms. Geropsychologists seek to understand the negative age stereotypes with regard to health issues (Dittmann, 2008). Elderly people are often stereotyped as incompetent and forgetful (Cuddy et al., 2005; Erber et al., 1996), and such beliefs may lead elderly individuals and health professionals to associate health symptoms with aging, which can have tragic outcomes. For instance, Sarkisian and colleagues (2006) published an article regarding the growing body of research investigating beliefs about aging and health, and they reported that if older adults attribute their health problems to aging, they may not seek medical treatment, which results in greater mortality. Moreover, medication nonadherence is frequent among older adults because of low self-efficacy or a lack of confidence in the physician's knowledge (Chia et al., 2006). A study by Jerry H. Gurwitz and others (2003) showed that adverse drug events are common and often preventable among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. Prevention strategies should target the prescribing and monitoring stages of pharmaceutical care. Interventions focused on improving patient adherence with prescribed regimens and monitoring of prescribed medications may be beneficial. Such results indicate that personal and cultural beliefs are important considerations. Health practitioners hold cognitive representations of illness and the patient prototypes. Thus, practitioner stereotypes about their patients may influence the diagnosis of symptoms as well as the quality of care provided to the patient (Mandy, Lucas, and Hodgson, 2007).A study by Hamilton and Janata (1997) investigated abnormal illness behavior (that is, the overreporting or exaggerating of physical symptoms, preoccupation with illness, medical tests, and so forth), and they proposed that people with low self-esteem or identity problems engage in these behaviors in an effort to construct a positive sense of self. A more recent article by Miczo (2004) argues that sick-role behavior may be better conceptualized as a set of illness attitudes and care-seeking behaviors. He found that attitudinal factors (release, consideration, burden, and deviance) were moderate predictors of care-seeking intentions, as were stressors and social support for the sick role. Taking the study of sick-role behavior further, Frederick Anyan (2012) researched the differences between sick-role behavior in men and women. The findings from the study indicated that men's conceptualization of illness involved the exhaustion of internal bodily organs and the absence of strength—requiring assistance to function in daily activities. The findings also indicated that women's conceptualization of illness involved mainly the impairment of physiological functioning and the feeling of weakness or nausea. Compare acute and chronic pain. Define the different kinds of chronic pain (i.e., chronic benign pain, recurrent acute pain, and chronic progressive pain). Acute pain - typically results from a specific injury and produces tissue damage - such as a wound or broken limb. As such, it typically disappears when the damage is repaired. Acute pain usually short in duration and defined as 6 months or less. Chronic pain typically begins wth an acute episide, but unlike acute pain, does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time. Chronic benign pain can persist 6 mos or more and is relatively unresponsive to treatment. Pain varies in severity and may invlove any of several muscle groups. Low back pain, is an example. Recurrent acute pain involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but recur for more than 6 months. Migraine, TMJ, trigeminal neuralgia examples. Chronic progressive pain lasts longer than 6 months and increases in severity over time. Rheumatoid arthritis, cancer,