ISP 203B Final Exam 100% Solved

ISP 203B Final Exam 100% Solved The scientific method - answer1. observe 2. formulate a hypothesis 3. test/falsify the hypothesis 4. theory What is science: - answerobservation, formulation and falsification of hypotheses, the development of a scientific theory. Recurrence intervals: - answerTime span (in years) until today over which these combined events took place / number of events that meet the criterion (geographical area and minimum magnitude, for example) -ex: 50 years / 10 earthquakes of =5.0 magnitude in those 50 years = recurrence interval of 5 years. Knowledge of Earths Interior - answerVirtually everything known about earths interior comes from earthquakes and volcanoes Order of layers (outside - inside) - answer1. Crust (solid, 5-70 km thick) 2. Mantle (solid, 2900 km thick) 3. Outer core (liquid metals, iron & nickel, 2270 km thick) 4. Inner core (solid, iron & nickel, 1216 km thick) Lithosphere - answer1. Particularly rigid layer (difficult to deform) that includes the crust & the uppermost part of mantle 2. ~5-250 km thick What is an earthquake - answera sudden release of energy along a fault what is a fault - answer1. Structure that separates two sections of the crust 2. May be visible at surface, always extends at depth 3. Earthquakes occur here 4. Not all faults produce earthquakes. Must be significant plate boundary activity 5. Movement can be horizontal, vertical, or both Seismic waves - answerEarthquake vibrations (different types) Surface waves - answer1. Rayleigh & Love waves 2. Slower than body waves, always arrive last 3. Most of damage 4. Travel only right underneath surface. Not towards interior of earth 5. Both travel at about the same speed Primary waves - answer1. First waves to arrive. 2. Travel fastest and reach surface first. 3. Can travel through liquid, can be found at the opposite part of planet from focus 4. Not very intense vibrations 5. Generally cause no damage 6. Very easy to detect by seismometers 7. Compression waves (rocks get compressed and expanded, back and forth) Secondary waves - answer1. Second waves to arrive 2. Shear movement (shear the ground/buildings up & down) 3. Cannot travel through liquids 4. More damage to be expected Plate Tectonics - answer1. Involves movements of the lithosphere 2. Movements are about 1 inch per year 3. Lithosphere is subdivided into a number of PLATES that move relative to each other Rayleigh waves - answer1. Up and down rolling motion (ocean waves) Love waves - answer1. Side to side motion (snake) How to locate the epicenter of an earthquake - answerusing multiple seismometers at different locations Richter Scale - answer1. Based on magnitude (how much the ground vibrates at epicenter) 2. Go up 1 on the scale= seismic waves 10 times larger ex: if the ground vibrates 10 times more than another earthquake, we go up 1 degree on Richter scale