Basic Clinical Pharmacology Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Verified | Updated

Basic Clinical Pharmacology Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers Verified | Updated Pharmacodynamics - answerwhat the drug does to the body - answer PD & PK - answerRelationship between dose & effect can be due toRelationship between dose & effect can be due to: Pharmacokinetics - answerwhat the body does to the drug ADME (Components of PK) - answerAbsorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination Absorption - PK - answerMovement of substance from site of administration, across body membranes, to circulation distrubution - answerTransport of drugs throughout the body into the interstitial and intracellular fluids Metabolism - answerChemically converting a drug to a form that is readily removed by the body Elimination/Excretion - answerMetabolite removed from body Absorption: PK DDIs - answerChange in pH; Adsorption; Change in GI motility Distribution- PK DDIs - answerChange in albumin concentration; protein binding interactions Metabolism- PK DDIs - answerCYP450 Elimination- DDIs - answerChange in renal excretion Bioavailability - answerA measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%). Factors that influence bioavailability: - answer- first pass metabolism - solubility of drug - chemical instability - drug formulation First Pass Effect - answera phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown Bioequivalence drugs: - answerShare similar rate and extent of absorption Therapeutic Equivalence - answerSimilar drugs in efficacy and safety active transport - answerMovement of chemical against a concentration or electrochemical gradient; Requires ENERGY from the cell passive diffusion - answermovement of chemical from area of high concentration to low concentration (HIGH TO LOW); Occurs passively- cell allows it to just happen Endocytosis - answerEngulfment of drug molecule by cell membrane and transport into the cell; Transports large molecules Factors of drug absorption - answer- molecular weight & size - dose - route of admin - digestive motility - blood flow - lipid solubility - degree of ionization - partition coefficient Factors influencing GI absorption - answer- Blood flow - pH - Intestinal Surface area (microvilli) - Contact time with absorptive surface Most drugs are absorbed from: - answerLower GI tract Increased peristalsis - answer= increased drug transit time & DECREASED time for absorption Decreased peristalsis - answer= decreased transit time & INCREASED time for absorption Distribution of drug delivery - answerProcess in which a drug reversibly leaves blood stream and enters interstitum and/or cells Drug delivery is dependent on: - answer- Affinity - Blood Flow - Capillary permeability - Drug-protein complexes/competence - Drug Structure - Drug/Food interactions - Hydrophobicity capillary permeability - answercondition of the capillary wall that enables substances in the blood to pass into tissue spaces or into cells, or visa versa; absent in the brain "Blood-Brain Barrier" Drug Structure - answerChemical nature of the drug largely determines ability to cross cell membranes Hydrophobic Drugs - answerLipid (fat) soluble drugs that penetrate the lipoidal (fat-like) cell membrane better than hydrophilic drugs. Hydrophilic drugs - answerDo not easily pass through cell membranes; need slit junctions for passage; "LIKE WATER" Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) - answerDrugs must pass through endothelial cells of the CNS capillaries or be actively transported; Lipid- soluble drugs are able to penetrate; Ionized or polar drugs cannot pass without slit junctions Volume of distribution (Vd) - answerRelates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration Drug Half-Life (t1/2) - answerTime required for the concentration of the active ingredient to be reduced by one-half Drug elimination dependent on amount of drug delivered to kidney and/or liver; dependent on blood flow & fraction of drug in plasma (Vd)