Praxis Biology Content 5235 Study Questions and Complete Solutions

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Four protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane form the electron transport chain. -Here the electron carriers come along to drop off all their electron and proton cargo that they picked up during the glycolysis and citric acid cycle stages. - NADH + H+ and FADH2 become oxidized, donating electrons to the first and second protein complex respectively. The independent variable in an experiment is the one thing that is varied between experimental groups continuous variation When the frequency in a population of different values for each one of these traits is plotted on a histogram. complete dominance a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another polyploidy condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes pleiotropy The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. scientific evidence data gathered from experiments or observations to address a specific hypothesis. The data may help to support or reject the hypothesis. Louis Pasteur performed a now classic experiment to test the hypothesis of spontaneous generation. He placed meat broth in each of two flasks with S shaped necks. He boiled the broth in both flasks to sterilize it and then broke off the S shaped portion of the neck from one flask. The broth in the flask that now had a straight neck became cloudy, while the broth in the flask with the S shaped neck remained clear because any airborne organisms were trapped in the neck of the flask. sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) substances that safely neutralize the acid before cleaning up the spill Alfred Hershey and Marsha Chase Used radioactive materials on bacteriophages to see which material got passed on to bacteria cells, DNA or proteins. Found that DNA was the molecule responsible. DNA contains phosphorus but protein does not. Bacteriophages insert only their genomes into bacteria.