SAMENVATTING METHODEN II:
HOOFDSTUK 2 :
HOE KIES JE HET OZ ONTWERP?
P 61-101 + NOTITIES LES
KAREN THIENPONT
,Inhoudsopgave
1 INLEIDING .........................................................................................................................................3
CRIMINOLOGISCHE VRAGEN ..................................................................................................................3
HOE KIES JE EEN VRAAG?.......................................................................................................................4
HOE EEN VRAAG FORMULEREN VOOR KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK? ................................................4
VOORBEELDEN UIT DEZE LES .................................................................................................................4
2.1 WELKE SOORTEN ONDERZOEKSVRAGEN ZIJN ER? .......................................................5
2.1.1 FREQUENTIE ONDERZOEKSVRAGEN .............................................................................................5
2.1.2 VERSCHILONDERZOEKSVRAGEN ..................................................................................................5
EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK ..................................................................................................................5
2.1.3 SAMENHANGSONDERZOEKSVRAGEN ............................................................................................6
2.2 IS ER SPRAKE VAN CAUSALITEIT? ........................................................................................6
2.3 IS ER SPRAKE VAN EEN DERDE BEÏNVLOEDENDE VARIABELE? ................................7
2.3.1 MEDIËRENDE VARIABELE ..............................................................................................................7
CONCEPTUEEL MODEL ..............................................................................................................................7
COFOUNDING VARIABELE.........................................................................................................................8
MODERATORVARIABELE ..........................................................................................................................8
SCHEMATISCHE SAMENVATTING ..............................................................................................................9
2.4 WELKE TYPEN ONDERZOEK ZIJN ER? .................................................................................9
2.4.1 BESCHRIJVEND ONDERZOEK .........................................................................................................9
2.4.2 EXPLORATIEF ONDERZOEK .........................................................................................................10
FISHING ...................................................................................................................................................10
BIGDATAONDERZOEK .............................................................................................................................10
DATAMINING ..........................................................................................................................................10
NADELEN BIGDATA EN DATAMINING .....................................................................................................10
2.4.3 TOETSEND ONDERZOEK ...............................................................................................................10
VERIFIËREN OF FALSIFIËREN ..................................................................................................................11
EVALUATIEONDERZOEK .........................................................................................................................11
2.5 HET ONDERZOEKSONTWERP ................................................................................................12
2.6 KIES JE EEN SURVEY OF EEN EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEKSONTWERP? ........12
INTERNE VALIDITEIT ...............................................................................................................................12
EXTERNE VALIDITEIT..............................................................................................................................12
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE (BEWIJSKRACHT) ..................................................................................................13
2.7 WAT IS SURVEY ONDERZOEK? .............................................................................................13
2.7.1EENMALIG SURVEY ONDERZOEK .................................................................................................13
CROSS SECTIONEEL ONDERZOEK ............................................................................................................13
, 2.7.2 LONGITUDINAAL SURVEYONDERZOEK .......................................................................................13
PANEL- OF COHORTONDERZOEK.............................................................................................................14
TRENDONDERZOEK .................................................................................................................................14
2.7.3 BEPERKINGEN VAN EEN SURVEYONDERZOEK............................................................................15
2.8 WAT IS EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK?...........................................................................15
2.8.1 WAT ZIJN DE KENMERKEN VAN EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK?..............................................15
2.8.2 CASESTUDY ...................................................................................................................................15
2.8.2 WAT IS EEN ZUIVER EXPERIMENT? .............................................................................................16
SOLOMONDESIGN ...................................................................................................................................16
EXPERIMENTELE GROEPEN .....................................................................................................................16
RANDOMISATIE .......................................................................................................................................16
2.8.3 WAT IS EEN QUASI EXPERIMENT? ...............................................................................................16
MATCHEN ...............................................................................................................................................16
PRECISIECONTROLE ................................................................................................................................16
FREQUENTIEVERDELINGSCONTROLE .....................................................................................................16
HOMOGENISEREN ...................................................................................................................................17
TIJDREEKS...............................................................................................................................................17
2.8.4 WAT IS EEN PRE-EXPERIMENT? ..................................................................................................17
EÉN BESTAANDE GROEP, ALLEEN NAMETING.........................................................................................17
EÉN BESTAANDE GROEP MET VOOR- EN NAMETING ...............................................................................17
VERGELIJKING VAN TWEE (BESTAANDE) GROEPEN, ALLEEN NAMETING...............................................17
CONCLUSIE .............................................................................................................................................17
2.8.5 WAT ZIJN MOGELIJK VERSTORENDE FACTOREN? .....................................................................18
HAWTHORNE EFFECT ..............................................................................................................................18
EXPERIMENTEER EFFECT ........................................................................................................................18
BLINDEREN .............................................................................................................................................18
PLACEBO .................................................................................................................................................19
NOVELTY-EFFECT ...................................................................................................................................19
ECOLOGISCHE VALIDITEIT ......................................................................................................................19
2.8.6 VERSTORENDE FACTOREN BIJ EEN QUASI- EN PRE-EXEPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK..............19
TUSSENTIJDS VOORVAL ..........................................................................................................................19
GROEI-EFFECT ........................................................................................................................................19
TEST-EFFECT ...........................................................................................................................................20
INSTRUMENTATIE EFFECT.......................................................................................................................20
PLAFOND EFFECT ....................................................................................................................................20
BODEMEFFECT ........................................................................................................................................20
SELECTIEVE UITVAL ...............................................................................................................................20
2.9 OVERZICHT VAN ALLE ONDERZOEKSONTWERPEN.....................................................21
HOOFDSTUK 2 :
HOE KIES JE HET OZ ONTWERP?
P 61-101 + NOTITIES LES
KAREN THIENPONT
,Inhoudsopgave
1 INLEIDING .........................................................................................................................................3
CRIMINOLOGISCHE VRAGEN ..................................................................................................................3
HOE KIES JE EEN VRAAG?.......................................................................................................................4
HOE EEN VRAAG FORMULEREN VOOR KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK? ................................................4
VOORBEELDEN UIT DEZE LES .................................................................................................................4
2.1 WELKE SOORTEN ONDERZOEKSVRAGEN ZIJN ER? .......................................................5
2.1.1 FREQUENTIE ONDERZOEKSVRAGEN .............................................................................................5
2.1.2 VERSCHILONDERZOEKSVRAGEN ..................................................................................................5
EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK ..................................................................................................................5
2.1.3 SAMENHANGSONDERZOEKSVRAGEN ............................................................................................6
2.2 IS ER SPRAKE VAN CAUSALITEIT? ........................................................................................6
2.3 IS ER SPRAKE VAN EEN DERDE BEÏNVLOEDENDE VARIABELE? ................................7
2.3.1 MEDIËRENDE VARIABELE ..............................................................................................................7
CONCEPTUEEL MODEL ..............................................................................................................................7
COFOUNDING VARIABELE.........................................................................................................................8
MODERATORVARIABELE ..........................................................................................................................8
SCHEMATISCHE SAMENVATTING ..............................................................................................................9
2.4 WELKE TYPEN ONDERZOEK ZIJN ER? .................................................................................9
2.4.1 BESCHRIJVEND ONDERZOEK .........................................................................................................9
2.4.2 EXPLORATIEF ONDERZOEK .........................................................................................................10
FISHING ...................................................................................................................................................10
BIGDATAONDERZOEK .............................................................................................................................10
DATAMINING ..........................................................................................................................................10
NADELEN BIGDATA EN DATAMINING .....................................................................................................10
2.4.3 TOETSEND ONDERZOEK ...............................................................................................................10
VERIFIËREN OF FALSIFIËREN ..................................................................................................................11
EVALUATIEONDERZOEK .........................................................................................................................11
2.5 HET ONDERZOEKSONTWERP ................................................................................................12
2.6 KIES JE EEN SURVEY OF EEN EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEKSONTWERP? ........12
INTERNE VALIDITEIT ...............................................................................................................................12
EXTERNE VALIDITEIT..............................................................................................................................12
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE (BEWIJSKRACHT) ..................................................................................................13
2.7 WAT IS SURVEY ONDERZOEK? .............................................................................................13
2.7.1EENMALIG SURVEY ONDERZOEK .................................................................................................13
CROSS SECTIONEEL ONDERZOEK ............................................................................................................13
, 2.7.2 LONGITUDINAAL SURVEYONDERZOEK .......................................................................................13
PANEL- OF COHORTONDERZOEK.............................................................................................................14
TRENDONDERZOEK .................................................................................................................................14
2.7.3 BEPERKINGEN VAN EEN SURVEYONDERZOEK............................................................................15
2.8 WAT IS EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK?...........................................................................15
2.8.1 WAT ZIJN DE KENMERKEN VAN EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK?..............................................15
2.8.2 CASESTUDY ...................................................................................................................................15
2.8.2 WAT IS EEN ZUIVER EXPERIMENT? .............................................................................................16
SOLOMONDESIGN ...................................................................................................................................16
EXPERIMENTELE GROEPEN .....................................................................................................................16
RANDOMISATIE .......................................................................................................................................16
2.8.3 WAT IS EEN QUASI EXPERIMENT? ...............................................................................................16
MATCHEN ...............................................................................................................................................16
PRECISIECONTROLE ................................................................................................................................16
FREQUENTIEVERDELINGSCONTROLE .....................................................................................................16
HOMOGENISEREN ...................................................................................................................................17
TIJDREEKS...............................................................................................................................................17
2.8.4 WAT IS EEN PRE-EXPERIMENT? ..................................................................................................17
EÉN BESTAANDE GROEP, ALLEEN NAMETING.........................................................................................17
EÉN BESTAANDE GROEP MET VOOR- EN NAMETING ...............................................................................17
VERGELIJKING VAN TWEE (BESTAANDE) GROEPEN, ALLEEN NAMETING...............................................17
CONCLUSIE .............................................................................................................................................17
2.8.5 WAT ZIJN MOGELIJK VERSTORENDE FACTOREN? .....................................................................18
HAWTHORNE EFFECT ..............................................................................................................................18
EXPERIMENTEER EFFECT ........................................................................................................................18
BLINDEREN .............................................................................................................................................18
PLACEBO .................................................................................................................................................19
NOVELTY-EFFECT ...................................................................................................................................19
ECOLOGISCHE VALIDITEIT ......................................................................................................................19
2.8.6 VERSTORENDE FACTOREN BIJ EEN QUASI- EN PRE-EXEPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK..............19
TUSSENTIJDS VOORVAL ..........................................................................................................................19
GROEI-EFFECT ........................................................................................................................................19
TEST-EFFECT ...........................................................................................................................................20
INSTRUMENTATIE EFFECT.......................................................................................................................20
PLAFOND EFFECT ....................................................................................................................................20
BODEMEFFECT ........................................................................................................................................20
SELECTIEVE UITVAL ...............................................................................................................................20
2.9 OVERZICHT VAN ALLE ONDERZOEKSONTWERPEN.....................................................21
