Psychology 291 Exam 4 Study Guide

PSYCHOLOGY 291 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE Exam 4 RDSA study guide Chapter 8 Study Guide 1. A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to Cohen’s benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is: a. modest. b. large. c. multiply determined. d. categorical. 2. Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? a. A scatterplot b. A line graph c. A bar graph d. A pie chart 3. When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? a. A difference in the height between the bars b. The number of bars in the graph c. The number of observations that make each bar d. The direction of the bars 4. When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used? a. A t test b. A correlation c. A scatterplot d. A bar graph 5. While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made? a. The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph b. The measurement of two variables c. The use of a correlation coefficient d. The interrogation of internal validity 6. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In evaluating Dr. Guidry’s study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking? a. How did Dr. Guidry recruit her participants? b. Which statistic did Dr. Guidry compute? c. How reliable is the measure of daily stress? d. Does the number of friends cause people to experience less stress? 7. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) According to the benchmarks established by Cohen, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction? a. Very small b. Small c. Medium d. Large 8. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship: a. is negative. b. has the largest effect size. c. was reported first. d. was statistically significant. 9. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses? a. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%. b. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. c. The relationship is not statistically significant. d. The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction. 10. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) The “not sig.” in Dr. Guidry’s findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT: a. It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. b. Effect size could not be calculated. c. There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. d. She cannot reliably predict a study participant’s experience of daily stress from the participant’s number of friends. 11. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry’s variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered? a. Sample size and number of variables analyzed b. Direction of the association and strength of the association c. Sample size and effect size d. The number of outliers and the direction of the association 12. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This might result in which of the following? a. Outliers due to subgroups b. Larger effect sizes c. More measured variables d. Spurious associations due to subgroups 13. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores . a. random b. moderators c. outliers d. curvilinear scores 14. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. b. These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. c. These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. d. These scores may be considered outliers. 15. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine? a. Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress b. Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress c. Number of friends one has and life satisfaction d. Life satisfaction, experiences of daily stress, and number of friends one has simultaneously 16. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Matt, Dr. Guidry’s research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? a. The covariance of cause and effect b. Temporal precedence c. Internal validity d. External validity