BYU Exam 1 Questions & Answers Already Passed!!

What is means to be a homo sapien- characteristics that define us as a species - Answer-human beings are living organisms. Characteristics: 1. Complex language is the main way humans are identified from other matured species such as apes. We are the only organism on earth that has the compacity for complex language. 2.. Humans have one the largest brains out of any other organism. Not only that, we have the capability of expanding our knowledge and contacting areas of our brain that other organisms cannot. 3. Opposable thumbs: although apes have five fingers, they are unable to use their thumbs for motor skills like humans. This example is displayed in the picture of the textbook in which an ape is unable to grasp a pencil in a similar manner as a human. 4. Bipedalism: humans are the only species that walks on two legs and has arms to carry and use for function. 5. Some might argue that an advantage of the human species is that we can reproduce numerously - however other species can as well. Our advantage is that environmentalism does not effect our species as much as others; therefore we can continue to produce without threat of extinction. How science is both a body of knowledge and a process - AnswerThe scientific method - Answer-1. formulate a hypothesis 2. observe and generalize 3. make a testable prediction 4. experiment 5. modify as needed and repeat Characteristics of living things - Answer-1. Living things are composed of 26 chemical structure that are also present in nonliving. They are organized into molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids 2. Living things require energy from food and the sun 3. All living beings are built with the same cells as non-living plus others to maintain life (listed in 1) 4. Living things grow and reproduce to maintain homeostatsis 5. Humans have children in order to maintian homeostasis 7. Live and learn, grow bigger and stronger, mature and adapt to their environment.Living things from simplest to most complex - Answer-Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere Ecosystems - Answer-all organisms in a given area in addition to non living energy community - Answer-several populations of different species who inhabit the same area and interact with each other. The influence humans have on earth - Answer-Human activities (pollution, overuse) are leading to global biodiversty crisis. 4 major categories of molecules of life, give an example of each, and know what the subunit is for each. - Answer-proteins, lipids -, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (see next card) List of different types of organic molecules in the body. The function of each, and examples. - Answer-1. Lipids - example: fat - subunit: steroids - functions: store energy 2. Carbohydrates - example: Polyssaccharide - subunit monosacchides - function: used for energy and structural support 3. Proteins - example: enzymes - subunit: amino acids - functions: structural support, muscle contraction, cell membrane to transmit information 4. Nucleic acids - example: DNA and RNA - subunit: nucleotides - function: store genetic materialThe difference between DNA and RNA. The role each plays within the body - AnswerDeoxyribonuceic acid (DNA) - double helix - cytosine * -thymine * - guanine -adenine gentics Ribonucleic Acids (RNA) - single strand - guanine - uracil * - adenine - ribose is the sugar - precurssor to DNA, a component of the double helix that when broken off turns into proens The function of ATP. "It is the energy currency of the body" - Answer-stored energy that can be found in the body to be used for exertion later. ATP fuels enzymes to create faster energy. It is stored in muscle, glucouse, fat, element - Answer-fundamental form of matter that cannot be broken down to a simpler form. Thus, is is the purest form of matter. There are over 100 elements known to account for all matter on Earth. atom - Answer-:the smallest unit of an element that maintains physical properties (smallest unit of matter). These take part in chemical reactions. Molecule: stable association between tow or more atoms. Ex: a molecule of water is two atoms of hydrogen plus one atom of oxygen. compound - Answer-shell is not normally filled tends to interact with one or more other atoms in a way that fills its outer most shell chemical bond: Forces that bind the atoms of molecules and compounds. There are three types: ionic, covalent, hydrogenIonic Bond - Answer-complete transfer electrons between atoms - atom barrows an electron from another atom. Salt is an ionic bond covalent bond (bff) - Answer-sharing electrons. One way is by sharing a pair of electrons with another atom. They are the strongest bond, so strong that they rarely break apart. Functions of the cell - Answer-- protein and support - movement - communication -metabolism and energy release - division (mitosis and meosis) - inheritance (DNA) How cell membrane structure enables function - Answer-Structure = plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus Characteristics of the plasma membrane; 1. Selective permeability - selective in and out of cells 2. communication system 3. lipid bi-layered (lipid heads and lipid tails) 4. composed of phosolipids, proteins, and carbohydrates 5. has channels - ion channels, protein channels How substances get into and out of cells; the processes with specific chemicals that are used - Answer-1) passive transport: no energy is require, goes straight through the membrane. - diffusion: movement of molecules from high concentraion to low con with or without transport. 3 types: diffusion through lipid layer, channels, and facilitated transport which is when proteins bind to molecules and change shape -osmosis: diffussion only for water. This occurs when there is an unequal concentration of water on either side of the membrane. - 2) active transport - toward higher concentration, requires carrier plus energy. ex: sugars, amino acids, and ions. (little channels) 3) endocytosis or exocytosis: the bulk movement of many atoms-endo: brings molecules into the cell exo: moves molecules out of the cell. - 3 steps of exocytosis 1) the vescile moves through the cytoplasm toward the plasma membrane 2) the membrane of the vescile fuses with the plasma membrane 3) the vesicle spills its contents outside the cell. Nucleus - Answer-contains the cell genetic material located in the center of the cell. Nucleolus - Answer-within the nucleus where RNA and proteins that compose ribosomes are synthesized. Rough Endoplasmic recticulum - Answer-primary site of protein synthesis by ribosomes (that break down the proteins) revolves around the outside of the nucleus Smooth Endoplasmic recticulum - Answer-primary site of macromolecule synthesis other than proteins. endoplasmic recticulum - Answer-synthesis and/or modification of proteins and other substances golgi apparatus - Answer-refines, packages, and ships macromolecular products. Green lines on the lower left layer. ribosome - Answer-site of protein synthesis. small dots around the cell.