NUR 254 EXAM 4 REVIEW (Hematology and Oncology) Complete Solution Graded A+

NUR 254 EXAM 4 REVIEW (Hematology and Oncology) Complete Solution Graded A+ Anemia - correct answer The most common hematologic disorder of childhood Anemia - correct answer Decrease in number of RBCs and/or hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration below normal Anemia - correct answer Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Consequences of Anemia - correct answer Decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and decreased amount of oxygen available to tissues Consequences of Anemia - correct answerWhen develops slowly, child adapts Consequences of Anemia - correct answerDiagnostic evaluation: Sometimes defined as a Hgb 10 or 11 g/dl; however, this cutoff may be inappropriate for children Newborn Anemia - correct answer14 to 24 g/dl Infant Anemia - correct answer10 to 15 g/dl Child Anemia - correct answer11 to 16 g/dl Anemia - correct answerPallor, paleness of mucous membranes, Tiredness, fatigue, Tachycardia, Cool skin Effects of Anemia on Circulatory System - correct answerHemodilution Effects of Anemia on Circulatory System - correct answerDecreased peripheral resistance Effects of Anemia on Circulatory System - correct answerIncreased cardiac circulation and turbulence Effects of Anemia on Circulatory System - correct answerCyanosis Effects of Anemia on Circulatory System - correct answerGrowth retardation Increased cardiac circulation and turbulence - correct answerMay lead to cardiac failure Increased cardiac circulation and turbulence - correct answerMay have murmur Anemia - correct answerTreat underlying cause: Transfusion after hemorrhage if needed Anemia - correct answerTreat underlying cause: Nutritional intervention for deficiency anemias Anemia - correct answerSupportive care: Intravenous (IV) fluids to replace intravascular volume, Oxygen, and Bed rest Anemia - correct answerNursing Care Management: Prepare child and family for laboratory tests Anemia - correct answerNursing Care Management: Decrease oxygen demands Anemia - correct answerNursing Care Management: Prevent complications Anemia - correct answerNursing Care Management: Support family Iron Deficiency Anemia - correct answerCaused by inadequate supply of dietary iron Iron Deficiency Anemia - correct answerIron-fortified cereals and formulas for infants Iron Deficiency Anemia - correct answerSpecial needs of premature infants Iron Deficiency Anemia - correct answerAdolescents at risk because of rapid growth and poor eating habits Iron Deficiency Anemia - correct answerTherapeutic management: Increase the amount of iron the child receives Iron Deficiency Anemia - correct answerNursing care management: Diet and Iron supplementation Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerA hereditary hemoglobinopathy Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerOccurs primarily in African-Americans Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerOccurrence 1 in 375 infants born in United States Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answer1 in 12 have sickle cell trait Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerOccasionally also in people of Mediterranean descent Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerAlso seen in South American, Arabian, and East Indian descent Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerIn areas of world where malaria is common, individuals tend to have survival advantage over those without trait Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerAutosomal recessive disorder Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answer9% of African-Americans are carriers Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answer40% among native Africans are carriers Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerIf both parents have trait, each offspring will have one in four chances of having disease Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerPathophysiology: Partial or complete replacement of normal Hgb with abnormal Hgb S Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerPathophysiology: Hgb in the RBCs takes on an elongated shape Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerPathophysiology: rigid and obstruct capillary blood flow Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerPathophysiology: Microscopic obstructions lead to engorgement and tissue ischemia Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerPathophysiology: Hypoxia occurs and causes sickling Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerNo cure (except possibly bone marrow transplants) Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerSupportive care/prevent sickling episodes Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerFrequent bacterial infections may occur because of immunocompromise Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerBacterial infection is leading cause of death in young children Sickle Cell Anemia - correct answerStrokes in 5% to 10% of children Sickle Cell Crisis - correct answerAnything that increases body's need for oxygen or alters transport of oxygen Sickle Cell Crisis - correct answer Trauma Sickle Cell Crisis - correct answerInfection, fever Sickle Cell Crisis - correct answerPhysical and emotional stress Sickle Cell Crisis - correct answerIncreased blood viscosity caused by dehydration