Cnpr, Napsr Exam

CNPR, NAPSR Exam Margin of safety - ANSWER the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that induces severe or life threatening side effects Rights of drug administration - ANSWER right patient, right medication, right does, right route of administration, and right time of delivery Injection routes - ANSWER intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous, subcutaneous intramuscular - ANSWER drugs given by direct injection into muscle tissue intrathecal - ANSWER needle is inserted between to vertebrea in the lower spine an into space around the spinal cord intravenous - ANSWER injected directly into the veins subcutaneous - ANSWER needle inserted into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin Bioavailablility - ANSWER how quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action Bioequivalent - ANSWER when drugs contain not only the same active ingredients but also produce virtually the same blood levels over time Therapeutic equivalence - ANSWER production of the same medicinal effects Areas of drug elimination and excretion - ANSWER Lungs, breast milk, sweat tears urine feces, bile, saliva, and exhaled air medication error - ANSWER failure to administer drug in the correct form Powders - ANSWER a drug that is dried and ground into fine particles pills - ANSWER a single dose unit of medicine made by mixing the powdered drug with liquid such as syrup and rolling it into a round or oval shape granules - ANSWER a small pill usually accompanied usually accompanied by many others encased within a gelatin capsule; quite often releasing medication over time tablet - ANSWER pharmaceutical preparation made by compressing the powdered for of a drug and bulk filling material under high pressure; commonly used for anti acids and antiflatulents Capsules - ANSWER medication dosage form in which the drug is contained in an external shell; can be pulled apart for access to contents sustained release - ANSWER several doses of a drug in special coatings that dissolve at different rates Enteric Coating - ANSWER dosage in special coating that doesn't digest in the stomach; only starts to digest in the intestines caplets - ANSWER shaped like a capsule but has the form of a tablet the shape and file make swallowing easier gel caps - ANSWER an oil based medication that is enclosed in soft gelatin capsule Emulsion - ANSWER two agents that cannot ordinarily be combined or mixed otic drugs - ANSWER control localized infections or inflammation and require very low dosages to be effective Types of drug despensing - ANSWER OTC and prescription Type A (Augmented) drug reaction - ANSWER exaggeration of the drug's therapeutic effects Type B (idiosyncratic) - ANSWER results from mechanisms that are not currently understood; largely unpredictable Type C (continuing or chronic) - ANSWER These persist for a long time Type D delayed - ANSWER these take some time to develop Type E end of use - ANSWER These occur during drug withdrawal Risk Factors - ANSWER Use of several drugs, age, Pregnancy and breast feeding Excipients - ANSWER inactive ingredients Parenteral - ANSWER intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous Rectal - ANSWER suppository Oral - ANSWER tablet, capsule, liquid Transdermal - ANSWER through the skin via creams or patches Binders - ANSWER cement the active and inert components of tablets Fillers - ANSWER used to make the drug sufficiently large for easy manufacture and consumption Glidants(flow enhancers) - ANSWER added to powdered materials used in pill production to aid movement through tabletting machinery suspending/dispersing agents - ANSWER maintain consistent concentration of the active ingredients throughout the drug product disintegrants - ANSWER help break up the tablets int the GI tract Lubricants - ANSWER ease the release of the tablets from the dies that stamp them during the manufacturing process AUC - ANSWER represents the extent of the drug absorption or the quantity of the drug that appears in the bloodstream following oral administration Cmax - ANSWER peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve First pass effect - ANSWER metabolizing process in the liver that suppresses the amount of drug that eventually reaches the systemic circulation and the site of action onset of action - ANSWER the time it takes for a drug to start having any intended affect after it is administered Protein Binding - ANSWER the ability of certain drugs to bind to plasma protein QD - ANSWER once a day QID - ANSWER four times a day PRN - ANSWER take as needed TID - ANSWER three times a day Tmax - ANSWER time of peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve BID - ANSWER twice a day Authorized distributor - ANSWER any distributor of a prescription drug that has a written agreement with the manufacturers of the prescription drug and conducts at least two transactions with the manufacturer of the prescription drug within any 24-month period Average whole price (AWP) - ANSWER published whole sale price or list price suggested by the manufacturer Brokerage - ANSWER the combination of -drop ship and dock to dock delivery services provided by wholesalers. Wholesalers do not bring the product into their warehouses Buy-side margin - ANSWER refers to the early payment discounts and other earned or negotiated rebates and discounts received by wholesalers from drug manufacturers; increase in the value of wholesalers' inventories ad manufacturers' prices rise chain drug store - ANSWER a company that owns and operates four or more pharmacies dock to dock delivery - ANSWER wholesaler obtains the drugs to a dispenser own warehouse without taking the drugs into its own inventory drop shipment - ANSWER the drug manufacturer directly delivers the drugs to a dispenser but the order and payments are made through a wholesaler Float - ANSWER the time differential between when a wholesaler receives payment from its customer and when the payment is due to its supplier Group Purchasing Organization GPO - ANSWER an entity consisting of two or more hospitals or other healthcare entities tha