Pharmacology OA WGU Graded A+

Pharmacology OA WGU Graded A+ drug cycle absorption absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion medication absorbed in GI mucosa. what effects absorption rate depth of breathing distribution fat, pH, concentration of medication, length of contact, age, food, medication transported via circulatory system to point of action metabolism excretion medication metabolized by liver drug removed from body so they don't build up US pharmacopia created in 1820, where first listed drug standards controlled substance act of 1970 NCC MERP A required hospitals to register with DEA no error, capacity to cause error NCC MERP B NCC MERP C error that didn't reach the patient error that reached patient but unlikely to cause harm NCC MERP D error that reached the patient, could have necessitated monitoring and/or intervention to preclude harm NCC MERP E NCC MERP F error that could have caused temporary harm error that could have caused temporary harm requiring initial, prolonged hospitalization NCC MERP G NCC MERP H NCC MERP I error that could have resulted in permanent harm error that could have necessitated intervention to sustain life error that could have resulted in death FDA pregnancy risk A FDA pregnancy risk B FDA pregnancy risk C performed on women FDA pregnancy risk D is unavailable FDA pregnancy risk X lowest, studies have not shown a risk to mother, fetus slight, animal studies haven't shown risk to fetus, human studies have not moderate, animal studies have shown risk to fetus, controlled studies not risky, studies shows drugs may harm fetus, may use if another safer therapy highest, studies shown significant risk to mother, fetus when is the fetus vulnerable to medication schedule I drugs f irst, third trimester high, not accepted medical use in US schedule II drugs schedule III drugs high, may lead to severe dependence, no refills unless a written perscription less than drugs, substances in schedule I/II, may lead to moderate dependence, high psychological dependence refill 5 times within 6 months schedule IV drugs low relative to substances in schedule III, may lead to limited dependence. phone, fax of prescription allowed schedule V drugs class I recall low, relative to substances in schedule IV, may lead to limited dependence dangerous drug, defective product could cause serious health problems, death class II recall class III recall product might cause temporary health problem, pose slight threat of serious nature product that's unlikely to cause any adverse health reaction, but violates FDA labeling, manufacturing laws phase I clinical trials determine safety, few healthy participants take drug for several months to measure any harmful events phase II clinical trials phase III clinical trials main goals of these trails is to see whether a drug works as desired drugs that have been proven to be safe, effective. conducted in hospitals, offices, clinics, testing for safety, effectiveness, dosage, therapeutic does phase IV clinical trials enteral medications post marketing, uses thousands of clients involve GI tract, capsules, tablets, enemas, suppositories. rectal, oral, nasogastric tube, sublingal route, buccal parenteral medications medications not ingested, introduced into GI system. topical, optic, nasal, injectable, opthalmic, vaginal, inhaled STAT order ASAP order give drug immediately give drug anywhere between 30 minutes-2 hours therapeutic index of a drug ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic, concentration at which the drug is effective what does a high therapeutic index mean the drug is safer when is the fetus most vulnerable to medications apothecary system household system grain, oz, dram, minim f irst, third trimester teaspoons, tablespoon, cups, glasses, teacups metric system gram/kg, meter, liters curative medications cures, treats a problem prophylactic medications diagnostic medications palliative medications replacement medications destructive medications prevents a problem helps diagnose a disease, condition treats symptoms to make the patient more comfortable replaces a missing substances destroys tumors, microbes patient safety drug administration check label before you take bottle from shelf, before you pour the drug out, before you put the bottle back on the shelf what does a therapeutic index of 4 mean pharmacotherapeutics it would take 4X the average dose to be