Floral Design Final Exam Actual Questions and Answers Updated 2024/2025 Solved 100%

Floral Design Final Exam Actual Questions and Answers Updated 2024/2025 Solved 100% What are the parts of a flower? petals Sepals Pistils Stamens What is the showpiece of the flower? petals what are all the petals combined called? corolla Outmost flower structure that encloses while a bud, collectively known as the calyx? Sepals Female reproductive part of the flower? Pistil What are the parts of the pistil? stigma style ovary Male reproductive part of the flower stamens what are the parts of the stamen? filament and anther What is the collective term for petals and sepal? perianth What two names comprise the scientific name? genus and specific epithet appear first the general or generic name genus also known as the species name specific epithet What are the five shapes or types of flower categories? line form mass filler foliage SKELETON erect tall spikes give length linear pattern create a pattern/spaces establish height width depth the framework of a design line CENTER OF INTEREST leave space between flowers helps to create a focal point accent flowers use springily exotic more tropical flowers form DRAW ATTENTION TOWARD FOCAL POINT single stem one solid rounded head provide different levels can establish line MASS BACKGROUND finishing touches small and delicate fill empty spaces complete design bunchy and feathery filler can be used for all of the above and to hide mechanism foliage What is flowers weight? graduation in size of blossoms What type of flowers form the skeleton of a design? line What is vase life? length of time flowers remain alive what is senescence? flower death What are the three main ingredients in floral preservative? acidifier sugar biocide makes water more acidic acidifier helps buds to open and last longer sugars reduces growth of bacteria and fungi biocide What temperature should most flowers be stored? 33-35 F What temperature should tropical flowers be stored? 50-60 F process by which plants loss water through openings in their leaves and flowers transpiration naturally occurring gas in flowers that speeds maturity ethylene gas the building block for the entire color pigment system primary color red blue yellow primary combination of two primary colors secondary color green purple orange secondary color Primary color + adjacent secondary colors tertiary color red violet yellow green red orange yellow orange blue green blue violet tertiary color What colors are considered to be neutral in floral design? black gray white brown beige tan What is a tint? color + white What is a tone? color + gray What is a shade? color + black What colors are considered to be warm colors? red orange yellow What colors are considered to be cool colors ? purples greens advances/appears closer excites associated with heat warm colors recedes/appears further away calms associated with cool things cool colors What are the three main categories of color schemes? related contrasting discordant use common color to unify (achromatic, monochromatic, analogous) related without color achromatic one color monochromatic close related on the color wheel analogous colors from distant parts on the wheel contrasting opposite on the color wheel complimentary any hue plus two hues adjacent to its complement split complementary three colors equally spaced on color wheel triadic double component discordant two pairs of complements double complements four different colors unrelated hues that usually clash tetrad What is an actual line and how are they created? produced using linear materials as line flowers what is an implied line and how are they created? produced by the placement of round mass form flowers What is a psychic line and how are they created? produced by directional facing of flowers one does not exist by we feel a line between two elements? psychic line what are the four main types of lines? vertical curved horizontal diagonal draws eye to point at either end suggesting motion, exclamation point vertical draws eye to point at either end suggesting motions horizontal moves eye around and through the entire design curved causes more eye movement than other lines diagonal lines in a composition that are parallel to imaginary frame sides, occur within the vertical and horizontal framework display a lack of visual energy static line lines in a composition that are not parallel to the sides of an imaginary frame provide opposition to the majority of the lines in the design create visual excitement dynamic line What are the two meanings of form? the shape or contour of the individual components in a design the overall three dimensional configuration or shape of a design What are the four main types of form closed open classic free form interpretive solid compact mass closed spreading radiating space between parts open simple harmony not trendy classic inspired by unconventional ideas styles and patterns, variation of a shape, no geometric pattern, design suggest a given theme, ideal occasion , or mood free from interpretive what are the two types of free form design ? realistic non realistic takes inspiration from nature realistic unusual use of materials with no illusions of reality non realistic what is repetition of form? repeating like elements within a design What is positive space? area occupied by material what is negative space empty area between components o Open space or break in a design that connects one area of positive space with another o Connecting spaces void Review how texture placement can change perceptions of depth in a design. o Physical surface qualities of flowers, foliage, containers, and accessories o Often overlooked o Can add variety and greater interest to a design o Increase depth o Similar types of textures used in the same design result in a more harmonious and unified design o Mixing opposing textures can create strong contrast, creating a focal point or accent Which textures are lost first the further you move away from a design? fine in foreground, coarse in background is the wise selection of individual parts to form a floral composition harmony pleasing aesthetic quality, created by carful selection of parts for a composition harmony the effect of the relationship between all the various elements in a composition harmony a predetermined theme or purpose for design helps to determine material selection harmony must consider container and mechanics harmony state of being one unity the whole is more important than the parts unity relationship of parts to each other should produce a single, general effect unity whole design predominant over individual components unity What are some ways to achieve unity? proximity repetition transition/continuation near in space proximity repeating similar elements throughout a design repetition a method of achieving visual rhythm transition/continuation a gradual change from one element to another transition/continuation elements are arranged in a manner that provides continuous eye movement transition/continuation What are the two main types of balance? physical visual mechanically sound, self supporting, container proper size, weight, shape physical feeling of stability, provides a sense of equilibrium visual what are the four types of visual balance? symmetrical asymmetrical radial open identical flowers and foliage's are arranged and repeated in the same position on either side of an imaginary central axis symmetrical dissimilar elements on each side of a central axis, equal eye attraction or equal visual weight provides balance asymmetrical all elements radiate from a common central point, can be combined with symmetrical or asymmetrical balance, creates immediate and obvious focal point All the elements of a floral design radiate or circle from a common central point like the spokes of a wheel. Can be combined with a symmetrical or asymmetrical balance depending upon whether the focal point is positioned in the middle of the design. radial neither prominently symmetrical or asymmetrical, used more negative space open comparative size relationship between ingredients within the design as well as to the whole design proportion What is the flower to container ratio we use? 1:1.5 o Size: overall size of an object compared with other objects o Flowers to container: container should not be so large that it overwhelms the flowers o Flowers to Flowers o Flowers to foliage o Arrangement to surroundings scale The center of interest and visual activity focal point dominates and calls attention to the entire arrangement focal point usually the place in which the viewer looks first focal point location: low in the design, intermediate area, contemporary focal point How can we create focal points? color size shape spacing texture accessories line direction directional facing framing isolation encircling entire composition framing flow or movement characterized by the regular recurrence of elements or features rhythm How is rhythm achieved? repetition radiating lines transition What is framework? established your basic shape can be done with flowers or foliage often called the skeleton formal linear crescent hogarth curve A thousand flowers Multicolored Rounded or fan-shaped Popular in the 17th and 18th century in Europe Express opulence and abundance MILLE DE FLEUR DESIGN Compact, rounded, or slightly conical in shape Concentric rings of flowers Each circular row - same flower Contrast of colors and textures Austria and Germany - - Inspiration taken from interior design and paintings BIEDERMEIER DESIGN Ancient Egyptian mythological bird Symbol of renewal and immortality Base - rounded and compact Center - tall, flowering branches or line flowers Party centerpiece, home decoration phoenix Early 1900's - Bridal Bouquets in Europe Romantic and naturalistic Accented with wire and jewels Downward flow of materials Flow from center of design - out and over container Untidy, undisciplined appearance waterfall Based on nature Slice of outdoors Containers must harmonize! Low container Natural or neutral color Use of negative space and natural growth patterns are characteristics. Styles: - Botanical - Vegetative - Landscape naturalistic Study of the life of a plant Bulb flower Buds, blossoms, foliage, stems, bulbs and roots are visible Generally all-sided Plants natural environment often depicted in design botanical Presents plants as they grow in nature Simulated slice of nature Generally all-sided Does not have to have a bulb showing Flower weight is reversed Flowers selected according to compatibility vegetative Depicts larger area of nature Groomed garden Organized in color groupings Season and environment are evident Generally one-sided Tall materials in back landscape What association can you become a certified florist through What are industry associations trade associations trade publications allied florist associations an organization or group that is set up by individuals, merchants, or business firms for the unified promotion and sale of flowers and floral products trade associations printed materials, such as journals, magazines, and news letters offering information of interest to all segments of the floral industry on a weekly, monthly , bimonthly, or quarterly basis. trade publications groups of people that sever as a support system for the floral industry in a region or state. allied florist associations What country leads in the export of flowers netherlands What are the different careers you can obtain at each segments of the floral industry grower/producer: crop manager, corp production foreman, maintenance foreman, sales manager, greenhouse employee wholesaler: retail florist, wholesaler retailer: stock buyer, floral designer, specialized designers, freelance designer, floral instructor, product development floral designer, sales personnel, delivery personnel, cut flower processor What are the different segments in the floral industry grower/producer wholesaler retailer What is a flower stand and why are they used in ikebana Decorative and enhances the effects of the flowers Protects against moisture damage and scuff marks Stabilizes flowers that may be placed on soft or uneven surfaces Helps to visually balance the design Made in many different materials What is a bough pot What is an Epergne metal pin holder (Frog) kenzan Forked twigs wedged across vase opening kubari What is the meaning of the three main lines in ikebana and what do they represent Shin: Tallest line, placed in the background, large tree branches used (Heaven) Soe: Secondary line, represented by low shrub in front of tree branches (Man) Tai: Third line, depicted with small flowers and other plant material (Earth) How are the three main forms of ikebana different Rikka: Thought to be the most complicated to master Shoka: Simplified version of Rikka Moribana and Nagereie: Products of modern culture Which form of ikebana is the oldest and thought to be the hardest to master rikka What are the main forms of ikebana Rikka Shoka Moribana and Nageire What is ikebana Explain yang and yin as it relates to floral design Yang: Dominate, sturdy, strong, and masculine (Evergreen foliage, tree branches, bamboo, fully open flowers) Yin: Delicate, fragile, and feminine (Tight buds, delicate flowers, grasses) What are the different types of flower shop locations Free-standing flower shop Strip-center flower shop Shopping mall Business complex Downtown location Floral department What are the different types of floral retails Professional full-service shops Specialty flower businesses Limited-service flower stores Flower merchandisers Owner and employees are all thoroughly trained in all aspects of the floral industry profession florist provides everything a customer needs in flowers, services, and floral related products full service Targets a particular need in the marketplace Silk dried designs, weddings, commercial and residential high-style, party work Have historically been successful in affluent locations Often located in close proximity to other businesses targeting the same market speciality Most flower shops are located in suburban areas Generally a long established business Loyal clientele base Shops generally focus on high style designs for hotels, businesses, conventions, and special events downtown Located in: Supermarkets Mass merchandisers Big box stores Have aggressive flower merchandising programs Floral department usually concentrates on selling pre-packaged bunches of flowers to impulse buyers Can be full service and have a full-time florist on site floral department Located in office buildings and other types of business complexes business complex Combines several businesses that adjoin one another and make up a small shopping complex strip center Floral Business in a single unit building Old home converted to a flower shop Flower shop sharing a single building with another businesses A location designed and built exclusively for a flower shop free standing Also called bucket shops and cash-and-carry shops Located in heavy traffic areas Specializes in selling loose cut flowers sold by the stem or bunch Small designs may also be sold Typically will not provide delivery service flower merchandisers Designed for customers that purchase flowers on impulse Limited space Often found in hospitals, hotels, and supermarkets Generally operated by a Full-service shop or wholesaler limited service A complete range of flowers, foliage and floral products Floral designs for all occasions, special events, and everyday enjoyment Local delivery service Out of town delivery services through national floral companies full service When is the best time to collect flowers from outside to preserve dry day in the afternoon What types of arrangement does the groom typically wear on his wedding day boutonnieres What are the different types of arrangement found at a wedding ceremony and reception colonial cascade crescent clutch/hand tied arm bouquets basket bouquet wreath bouquet muff bouquet prayer book-bible bouquet fan bouquet parasol bouquet pomander cuff bouquet Know the different styles of wedding bouquets bridal bouquet toss bouquet hair piece bridesmaids bouquets chaplet loose petals What is a nosegay? In what historical period did they reach their height in popularity courtship 1800s victorian era What flower items does the groom traditionally pay for in a wedding brides bouquet mens boutonnieres mothers and grandmothers corsages Takes orders on phone and over computer and help with in store sells Sales Personnel Delivers floral arrangements to customers at the retail level. At the wholesale level; delivers flower orders to retail shops. Delivery Personnel cares for incoming cut flowers, foliage, and live plants Cut flower processor May work for several companies at the same time. Put on workshops and creates special event designs for different occasions. Often requires a lot of traveling. Freelance designer Qualified at designing, teaching, reporting, and evaluating floral designs. Floral instructor manufactures and supply companies will hire florist to help with product development. Designers help to create new floral products and present new products and ideas at workshops and symposiums. Product development floral designer Contacts growers and floral manufacturers from whom flowers and supplies are purchased. Responsible for maintaining a constant supply of flowers, foliage, containers, and supplies. Stock buyer must be able to create a wide range of floral designs in all sizes and styles Floral designer focus on one type of work in the floral industry (special events, weddings, sympathy, permanents) Specialized designers The level between wholesaler and final consumer. Traditional flower shop or one who sells flowers to consumers Retail florist middleman in the channel of distribution who buys flowers and floral products from growers and manufacturers and sells them to retailers. Wholesaler Works with crop production foreman in selecting crops that are ready for sale. Responsible for selling plants and flowers to various wholesalers and retailers. Coordinates storage and shipping. Typically has a large sales staff working under them. Sales manager Involved in all aspects of growing crops, such as propagation, preparing soil mixtures, watering, and fertilizing. Greenhouse employee responsible for the production practices necessary to grow specific crops. Manage and oversee other employees and crop production. Crop manager coordinates the efforts of growers and crop managers, oversees crop scheduling and ensures top quality products are produced. Crop production foreman In charge of greenhouse facilities. Makes sure everything functions properly. Works closely with crop production foreman. Maintenance foreman pave shelter waterfall biedermeier phoenix small round symmetrical triangle asymmetrical triangle new convention mill fleur landscape botanical vegetative horizontal clustering pillowing tufting pave terracing layering stacking grouping zoning banding binding bundling wrapping framing shadowing sequencing gluing pedaling weaving abstracting pinning tailoring Often used on chrysanthemums, asters, gerberas, and other flowers with flat heads Hook is formed on one end of wire Straight end of wire is pushed through the center of the flower Hook prevents the wire from slipping hook Similar to hook wiring Wire shaped into a U-shape Both ends of wire are inserted into the top center of a flower, around a cluster of flowers, or through the center of a leaf. hair pin cluster Wire is lined up parallel to the flowers stem Wire inserted underneath flower head Wire and stem taped together Used to strengthen a flowers stem insert Used on filler flowers and small mass flowers Groups of flowers are wired together in a bunch Forms a new single clusters Sometimes called clutch wiring wrap around Uses two wires that are inserted just below the flower head Second wire is inserted perpendicular to the first wire making a cross Often done to flowers that need a water source in the design The two wires help to hold moistened cotton in place. cross Flowers with unique stem structures can be wired in several different ways Manufactures have developed false stems to save time and prolong the life of the flower Most often done with stephanotis flowers manufactured stems casket flowers so called casket inserts Small designs placed inside the casket lid during visitation services lid designs easel sprays set pieces Floral tributes designed in special shapes Simplest of all drying techniques No special equipment or supplies needed Moisture removed from plant materials through circulation of air Remove all thorns and leaves from plant material Group like materials together stagger stem lengths Band together with a rubber band Hang bunches upside down Gravity keeps stems straight Room should be dry, cool, dark, and well ventilated air drying Plant materials are buried in a desiccant. Substance that absorbs moisture; such as sand, silica gel, and alum. Flowers dried in a desiccant typical retain superior color as well as their original shape. For best results stems should be removed from flower Flowers can be placed upside down, right side up, or on their side depending on their shape. Same flower types should be dried together Lay one inch of desiccant in bottom of container Place flower Gently sprinkle more desiccant over flowers until covered Flowers should not touch Depending on desiccant drying time is several days to weeks Silica gel most effective burying Traditionally used for green and autumn colored leaves as well as delicate flowers. Naturally flatter materials press well Traditional flower press: Two pieces of wood connected by long screws and bolts with layers of cardboard placed between Flowers are placed between sheets of cardboard Bolts may be tightened several times as flower flatten Takes 2-3 weeks pressing Odorless, colorless, syrup liquid Can be used to preserve evergreen and deciduous foliage and some flowers and berried branches. Plant material drinks up glycerin and replaces water in plant tissue Alters colors, turns flowers and foliage deeper shade Takes between several days to weeks Wood branches take longer glycerin Generally done commercially Flowers are frozen before they are dried Flowers are placed in a refrigerated vacuum chamber While in chamber water in the flower changes from ice to water vapor Flowers retain their original color, shape, and texture freeze drying Wax is heated to 130-150 degrees Paraffin wax is most often times used Flower heads are dipped into wax Flowers are hung upside down to dry Can be dipped a second time End of stem is dipped into wax to seal Look the same as a fresh flower Texture will feel different Flowers will hold shape and color for about one month Flower life can be extended by first allowing flowers to sit in a glycerin/water solution for several days waxing Fragrance was the first consideration for a bouquet baroque period england Nosegay soon became a fashion trend Flowers used to construct neck and hair pieces for fashionable women. Worn on gown at waist and/or shoulder Arrangements were formal and symmetrical Tightly arranged with great flower variety Became trendy to fill drawing room fireplace with flowers in the spring and summer months. Fire place containers called bough pot Wedgwood pottery popular Reflects ancient Greek and Roman designs english georgian period Made the most significant contributions to establishing the use of plants and flowers in daily life victorian period Victorian style of design Grouping large masses of flowers, foliage, and grasses together Compact No center of interest Rounded or oval in shape Victorian Period ( A.D.) Design styles copied blended from previous design periods (cultures) romantic period Art Nouveau Style Curvilinear lines Patterned after nature Followed natural shapes of plants flowers and human form art nouveau Art Deco Popular during the 1920's and 1930's Free-Form Expression 1950's Geometric Mass Design 1960's and 1970's Decorated with cut flowers placed in vases Wall paintings and tombs give insight Sacred flower = lotus Flower of the goddess Isis 2500 BC Bowls of flowers Egyptian Period (2800-28 B.C.) Wreaths, chaplets and garlands Vases: none made solely for flowers Wreaths - the symbol of allegiance/dedication. Worn at weddings Decorate homes, statues, and graves Professional wreath makers = floral designers of their day Cornucopia Greek Period (600-146 B.C.) Wreaths and garlands = heavy and elaborate Fragrant, brightly colored flowers Rose blossoms and petals during festivities. Began arranging flowers naturally Roman Period (28 B.C.-325 A.D.) Greek and Roman traditions continued Garlands altered to form spiral look Symmetrical, tree-style designs with foliage flowers and fruit. Biedermier-Germany Byzantine Period (320-600 A.D.) Little known Wild and cultivated flowers used Food Medicine Air freshener Personal adornment DARK/MIDDLE AGES 476-1450 A.D. At first art belonged primarily to the Church. Within the monastery walls, gardening flourished quietly Flower gardening did not exist Rebirth of learning -- interest in gardening. Printing press Flora overo Cultura di Fiori Flower gardens planted for beauty. Renaissance Period ( A.D.) Economics - art accessible to middle class. Flowers shown in everyday settings Symmetrical curves S-shaped -- Hogarth Curve. Over-decoration and ornate accessories. Combined Mass Designs Line Designs Containers -- great variety Baroque and Dutch-Flemish Period (17th and 18th centuries) First tulips sent to Europe from Turkey Were found to grow very well in Holland Tulip was very unique in Europe at the time Successful merchants displayed their class by planting grand gardens on their estates Tulips became wildly sought after Many different varieties were bred Future markets were made to buy and sell tulips at the end of growing seasons Price of tulips skyrocketed Reached its peak in the winter of 1636-37 February 1637 bubble burst and many lost their fortunes Tulip Mania