Summary Media History
2016-2017
,Contents
Week 1...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 5
Reader: Media and the Making of British Society, c.1700-2000 ............................................................. 6
Liberal interpretation ........................................................................................................................... 6
Feminist interpretation ........................................................................................................................ 7
Populist interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 8
Libertarian interpretation .................................................................................................................... 9
Anthropological interpretation .......................................................................................................... 10
Radical interpretation ........................................................................................................................ 11
Retrospect .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Reader: “Introduction” ........................................................................................................................... 14
Week 3.................................................................................................................................................... 15
The Rise of the Public Sphere and the development of the Mass Press (1780-1940)........................... 15
Chapter 2: The Press as a Mass Medium ............................................................................................... 15
Early Newspaper Development.......................................................................................................... 15
Changes in the Economic Organization of the Press ......................................................................... 16
Developments in Popular Journalism and Newspaper Mass Appeal ................................................ 17
The Popular Press and War ................................................................................................................ 18
The Mass Press and Total War ........................................................................................................... 19
Concentration and competition ......................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 5: The Rise of Advertising ......................................................................................................... 21
The Origins and Development of Advertising .................................................................................... 21
The Techniques and Content of Advertising ...................................................................................... 21
The Influence of Advertising .............................................................................................................. 22
Reader: The élite press in the French Revolution: The Gazette de Leyde and the Gazette universelle.
................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Reader: Anglo-American journalism ...................................................................................................... 26
Anglo-American journalism ................................................................................................................ 27
The rise of objectivity in journalism ................................................................................................... 28
The Diffusion of Anglo-American journalism ..................................................................................... 28
Resisting Anglo-American journalism ................................................................................................ 29
Anglo-American journalism as history ............................................................................................... 30
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Week 4.................................................................................................................................................... 32
The Audiovisual Revolution: Part I – Photography and Film.................................................................. 32
2
,Chapter 3: The development of the film industry ................................................................................. 32
Origins and early development .......................................................................................................... 32
The Hollywood studio system ............................................................................................................ 33
The international dominance of American film ................................................................................. 34
Censorship and control ...................................................................................................................... 35
Ideology and influence ....................................................................................................................... 37
Reader: Revolutions in communication – Photography: giving vision to history .................................. 38
The arrival of photography................................................................................................................. 38
A question of art and copyright ......................................................................................................... 38
Turning photography into art: pictorialism ........................................................................................ 38
Photography made simple ................................................................................................................. 39
Social change and photography ......................................................................................................... 39
Photographic magazines .................................................................................................................... 39
The corner of her eye: Dorothea Lange ............................................................................................. 39
Parks and other Life magazine photographers .................................................................................. 39
Week 5.................................................................................................................................................... 40
The Audiovisual Revolution: Part 2 - Radio and Television.................................................................... 40
Chapter 4: The Growth of Radio Broadcasting ...................................................................................... 40
Early Radio Development ................................................................................................................... 40
Technology and Society...................................................................................................................... 40
Institutional models ........................................................................................................................... 41
Radio Programming in the ‘Golden Years’ ......................................................................................... 42
Radio and Other Media ...................................................................................................................... 42
The Impact and Significance of Radio ................................................................................................ 42
Chapter 8 - Television and Consumer Societies ..................................................................................... 43
Origins ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Postwar Growth: Television from the 1940s to the 1960s ................................................................ 43
The United States and Commercial Television .............................................................................. 43
Great Britain and Public Service Television.................................................................................... 43
State television ............................................................................................................................... 44
The Triumph of Commercialism: Television since the 1970s ............................................................ 44
The United States ........................................................................................................................... 44
Great Britain ................................................................................................................................... 44
International developments........................................................................................................... 44
Global Television and ‘American Cultural Imperialism’ ................................................................. 45
Public-Affairs Programming ........................................................................................................... 45
3
, Television and Politics .................................................................................................................... 46
Television and Socialization ........................................................................................................... 47
Reader: Radio in the Great Depression. Promotional culture, public service and propaganda............ 48
Production of Needs in a Time of Scarcity ......................................................................................... 48
A Period of Consolidation................................................................................................................... 48
Cultural Anxieties ............................................................................................................................... 49
Political Transition .............................................................................................................................. 49
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Week 6.................................................................................................................................................... 50
The Emergence of a Coherent Professional Media Ecology (1940-1980) ............................................. 50
Chapter 9: Media, Information, and Entertainment .............................................................................. 50
American Cinema and the Rise of the Entertainment Conglomerate ............................................... 50
International Cinema.......................................................................................................................... 52
The Press: Decline and Concentration ............................................................................................... 53
The Press, the State, and Society ....................................................................................................... 53
Radio: Decline and Adjustment .......................................................................................................... 55
Reader: Neoliberalism, social movements and change in media systems in the late twentieth century
................................................................................................................................................................ 57
The shift to neoliberalism in media systems and its historical context ............................................. 57
The old order: the market, political institutions and media professionalism in the mid-20th
century ........................................................................................................................................... 57
The balance tips towards market forces ........................................................................................ 58
The political and social context ...................................................................................................... 58
Critical professionalism, populism and new social movements .................................................... 59
Media, neoliberalism and the democratic public sphere .............................................................. 60
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Week 7.................................................................................................................................................... 62
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 62
Reader: Media ........................................................................................................................................ 63
4
2016-2017
,Contents
Week 1...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 5
Reader: Media and the Making of British Society, c.1700-2000 ............................................................. 6
Liberal interpretation ........................................................................................................................... 6
Feminist interpretation ........................................................................................................................ 7
Populist interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 8
Libertarian interpretation .................................................................................................................... 9
Anthropological interpretation .......................................................................................................... 10
Radical interpretation ........................................................................................................................ 11
Retrospect .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Reader: “Introduction” ........................................................................................................................... 14
Week 3.................................................................................................................................................... 15
The Rise of the Public Sphere and the development of the Mass Press (1780-1940)........................... 15
Chapter 2: The Press as a Mass Medium ............................................................................................... 15
Early Newspaper Development.......................................................................................................... 15
Changes in the Economic Organization of the Press ......................................................................... 16
Developments in Popular Journalism and Newspaper Mass Appeal ................................................ 17
The Popular Press and War ................................................................................................................ 18
The Mass Press and Total War ........................................................................................................... 19
Concentration and competition ......................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 5: The Rise of Advertising ......................................................................................................... 21
The Origins and Development of Advertising .................................................................................... 21
The Techniques and Content of Advertising ...................................................................................... 21
The Influence of Advertising .............................................................................................................. 22
Reader: The élite press in the French Revolution: The Gazette de Leyde and the Gazette universelle.
................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Reader: Anglo-American journalism ...................................................................................................... 26
Anglo-American journalism ................................................................................................................ 27
The rise of objectivity in journalism ................................................................................................... 28
The Diffusion of Anglo-American journalism ..................................................................................... 28
Resisting Anglo-American journalism ................................................................................................ 29
Anglo-American journalism as history ............................................................................................... 30
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Week 4.................................................................................................................................................... 32
The Audiovisual Revolution: Part I – Photography and Film.................................................................. 32
2
,Chapter 3: The development of the film industry ................................................................................. 32
Origins and early development .......................................................................................................... 32
The Hollywood studio system ............................................................................................................ 33
The international dominance of American film ................................................................................. 34
Censorship and control ...................................................................................................................... 35
Ideology and influence ....................................................................................................................... 37
Reader: Revolutions in communication – Photography: giving vision to history .................................. 38
The arrival of photography................................................................................................................. 38
A question of art and copyright ......................................................................................................... 38
Turning photography into art: pictorialism ........................................................................................ 38
Photography made simple ................................................................................................................. 39
Social change and photography ......................................................................................................... 39
Photographic magazines .................................................................................................................... 39
The corner of her eye: Dorothea Lange ............................................................................................. 39
Parks and other Life magazine photographers .................................................................................. 39
Week 5.................................................................................................................................................... 40
The Audiovisual Revolution: Part 2 - Radio and Television.................................................................... 40
Chapter 4: The Growth of Radio Broadcasting ...................................................................................... 40
Early Radio Development ................................................................................................................... 40
Technology and Society...................................................................................................................... 40
Institutional models ........................................................................................................................... 41
Radio Programming in the ‘Golden Years’ ......................................................................................... 42
Radio and Other Media ...................................................................................................................... 42
The Impact and Significance of Radio ................................................................................................ 42
Chapter 8 - Television and Consumer Societies ..................................................................................... 43
Origins ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Postwar Growth: Television from the 1940s to the 1960s ................................................................ 43
The United States and Commercial Television .............................................................................. 43
Great Britain and Public Service Television.................................................................................... 43
State television ............................................................................................................................... 44
The Triumph of Commercialism: Television since the 1970s ............................................................ 44
The United States ........................................................................................................................... 44
Great Britain ................................................................................................................................... 44
International developments........................................................................................................... 44
Global Television and ‘American Cultural Imperialism’ ................................................................. 45
Public-Affairs Programming ........................................................................................................... 45
3
, Television and Politics .................................................................................................................... 46
Television and Socialization ........................................................................................................... 47
Reader: Radio in the Great Depression. Promotional culture, public service and propaganda............ 48
Production of Needs in a Time of Scarcity ......................................................................................... 48
A Period of Consolidation................................................................................................................... 48
Cultural Anxieties ............................................................................................................................... 49
Political Transition .............................................................................................................................. 49
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Week 6.................................................................................................................................................... 50
The Emergence of a Coherent Professional Media Ecology (1940-1980) ............................................. 50
Chapter 9: Media, Information, and Entertainment .............................................................................. 50
American Cinema and the Rise of the Entertainment Conglomerate ............................................... 50
International Cinema.......................................................................................................................... 52
The Press: Decline and Concentration ............................................................................................... 53
The Press, the State, and Society ....................................................................................................... 53
Radio: Decline and Adjustment .......................................................................................................... 55
Reader: Neoliberalism, social movements and change in media systems in the late twentieth century
................................................................................................................................................................ 57
The shift to neoliberalism in media systems and its historical context ............................................. 57
The old order: the market, political institutions and media professionalism in the mid-20th
century ........................................................................................................................................... 57
The balance tips towards market forces ........................................................................................ 58
The political and social context ...................................................................................................... 58
Critical professionalism, populism and new social movements .................................................... 59
Media, neoliberalism and the democratic public sphere .............................................................. 60
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Week 7.................................................................................................................................................... 62
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 62
Reader: Media ........................................................................................................................................ 63
4
