Summary Notes on nuclear physics

Included in these notes are the key definitions (e.g. critical mass, mass defect) as well as the theory and experimental procedure of the Rutherford scattering experiment. The differences between alpha, beta, and gamma radiation are also stated along with their uses and how to distinguish between them experimentally. The inverse square law for gamma radiation was also proved. Furthermore, equations and theory behind radioactive decay are stated as well as how the forces in the nucleus help keep it stable. Factors that may cause nuclear instability are also described. The derivation for the radius of a nucleus is also given and explained. In addition, the relationship between mass and energy is explained and how the binding energy is directly related to the mass defect of a nucleus. Finally, the differences between fission and fusion are explained as well as the mechanisms inside a nuclear reactor and how nuclear waste is handled.