Brain and Behavior Final Exam Questions
With Complete Solutions
Acetylcholine-released by all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle and in CNS
The first neurotransmitter identified
Synthesized from Acetic acid and Choline by enzyme acetyltransferase then transferred in synaptic vesicles. Once released by presynaptic terminal it binds to postsynaptic receptors. There it's degraded by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft. Presynaptic membranes recapture and reuse the choline to synthesize more ACh
biogenic amines (monoamines)- regulate emotional behaviour and biological clock. Imbalances in these neurotransmitters are associated with mental illness, ie: Overactive dopamine and Schizophrenia
Catecholamines: Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine. Synthesized from amino acid tyrosine in common pathway epinephrine-releasing cells of the brain and adrenal medulla, both use the same pathways.
Indoleamine: Serotonin; synthesized from tryptophan Histamine synthesized from histadine.
What percentage of the US population has epilepsy? 1-1.5%
Over a lifetime, how many people will have a seizure?
roughly 8-10%
Percentage of US population with seizures and epilepsy?
3.5 million
Percentage of world population with seizures and epilepsy?
70 million
Definition of seizure
Hyperexcited neurons
Provoked seizures
One that occurs with an identifiable cause (temperature, head injury, alcohol withdrawal, infection, tumor..)
Unprovoked seizure
One that does not have an identifiable cause
Epilepsy
repeated seizures
Postictal phase
usually lasts 30 minutes after a seizure and most people have periods of altered consciousness (Drowsiness and Confusion)
Febrile seizure Occurs when a child's body temp increases above 100.4*F, typically between 12-18 months old in about 3% of children under the age of 5.
Febrile seizure association
Infection, or MMR and other vaccines
typical duration of febrile seizure
Generally, lasts for less than 2 minutes but can last up to 30 minutes
Focal seizure
limited to specific region of the body
Generalized seizure
Seizure activity spread all across the brain
Tonic-clonic seizures (grand-mal)
Loss of consciousness with convulsions
Safety steps for tonic-clonic seizure
1. If not on the floor, get them there safely
2. Gently roll them on their side to aid in breathing\
3. Clear the area around them from harm
4. Put something soft under their head and remove the glasses
5.. Loosen ties or anything that could obstruct their breathing
6. Time the length of the seizure/call 911 if seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
With Complete Solutions
Acetylcholine-released by all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle and in CNS
The first neurotransmitter identified
Synthesized from Acetic acid and Choline by enzyme acetyltransferase then transferred in synaptic vesicles. Once released by presynaptic terminal it binds to postsynaptic receptors. There it's degraded by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft. Presynaptic membranes recapture and reuse the choline to synthesize more ACh
biogenic amines (monoamines)- regulate emotional behaviour and biological clock. Imbalances in these neurotransmitters are associated with mental illness, ie: Overactive dopamine and Schizophrenia
Catecholamines: Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine. Synthesized from amino acid tyrosine in common pathway epinephrine-releasing cells of the brain and adrenal medulla, both use the same pathways.
Indoleamine: Serotonin; synthesized from tryptophan Histamine synthesized from histadine.
What percentage of the US population has epilepsy? 1-1.5%
Over a lifetime, how many people will have a seizure?
roughly 8-10%
Percentage of US population with seizures and epilepsy?
3.5 million
Percentage of world population with seizures and epilepsy?
70 million
Definition of seizure
Hyperexcited neurons
Provoked seizures
One that occurs with an identifiable cause (temperature, head injury, alcohol withdrawal, infection, tumor..)
Unprovoked seizure
One that does not have an identifiable cause
Epilepsy
repeated seizures
Postictal phase
usually lasts 30 minutes after a seizure and most people have periods of altered consciousness (Drowsiness and Confusion)
Febrile seizure Occurs when a child's body temp increases above 100.4*F, typically between 12-18 months old in about 3% of children under the age of 5.
Febrile seizure association
Infection, or MMR and other vaccines
typical duration of febrile seizure
Generally, lasts for less than 2 minutes but can last up to 30 minutes
Focal seizure
limited to specific region of the body
Generalized seizure
Seizure activity spread all across the brain
Tonic-clonic seizures (grand-mal)
Loss of consciousness with convulsions
Safety steps for tonic-clonic seizure
1. If not on the floor, get them there safely
2. Gently roll them on their side to aid in breathing\
3. Clear the area around them from harm
4. Put something soft under their head and remove the glasses
5.. Loosen ties or anything that could obstruct their breathing
6. Time the length of the seizure/call 911 if seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
