Isye 6501 Final exam
1-norm - ANSSimilar to rectilinear distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from
the origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an m-dimensional space, then it's 1-norm is square
root(|𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧𝑚| = |𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧| = Σm over i=1 |𝑧𝑖|
A/B Testing - ANStesting two alternatives to see which one performs better
2-norm - ANSSimilar to Euclidian distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the
origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an 𝑚-dimensional space, then its 2-norm is the same as
1-norm but everything is squared= square root(Σm over i=1 (|𝑧𝑖|)^2)
Accuracy - ANSFraction of data points correctly classified by a model; equal to TP+TN /
TP+FP+TN+FN
Action - ANSIn ARENA, something that is done to an entity.
Additive Seasonality - ANSSeasonal effect that is added to a baseline value (for example, "the
temperature in June is 10 degrees above the annual baseline").
Adjusted R-squared - ANSVariant of R2 that encourages simpler models by penalizing the use
of too many variables.
AIC - ANSAkaike information criterion- Model selection technique that trades off between model
fit and model complexity. When comparing models, the model with lower AIC is preferred.
Generally penalizes complexity less than BIC.
Algorithm - ANSStep-by-step procedure designed to carry out a task.
Analysis of Variance/ANOVA - ANSStatistical method for dividing the variation in observations
among different sources.
Approximate dynamic program - ANSDynamic programming model where the value functions
are approximated.
Arc - ANSConnection between two nodes/vertices in a network. In a network model, there is a
variable for each arc, equal to the amount of flow on the arc, and (optionally) a capacity
constraint on the arc's flow. Also called an edge.
,Area under the curve (AUC) - ANSArea under the ROC curve; an estimate of the classification
model's accuracy. Also called concordance index.
ARIMA - ANSAutoregressive integrated moving average.
Arrival Rate - ANSExpected number of arrivals of people, things, etc. per unit time -- for
example, the expected number of truck deliveries per hour to a warehouse.
Assignment Problem - ANSNetwork optimization model with two sets of nodes, that finds the
best way to assign each node in one set to each node in the other set.
Attribute - ANSA characteristic or measurement - for example, a person's height or the color of a
car. Generally interchangeable with "feature", and often with "covariate" or "predictor". In the
standard tabular format, a column of data.
Autoregression - ANSRegression technique using past values of time series data as predictors
of future values.
Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) - ANSTime series model that uses
differences between observations when data is nonstationary. Also called Box-Jenkins.
Backward elimination - ANSVariable selection process that starts with all variables and then
iteratively removes the least-immediately-relevant variables from the model.
Balanced Design - ANSSet of combinations of factor values across multiple factors, that has the
same number of runs for all combinations of levels of one or more factors.
Balking - ANSAn entity arrives to the queue, sees the size of the line (or some other attribute),
and decides to leave the system.
Bayes' theorem/Bayes' rule - ANSFundamental rule of conditional probability:
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)=𝑃(𝐵|𝐴)*𝑃(𝐴) / 𝑃(𝐵)
Bayesian Information criterion (BIC) - ANSModel selection technique that trades off model fit
and model complexity. When comparing models, the model with lower BIC is preferred.
Generally penalizes complexity more than AIC.
Bayesian Regression - ANSRegression model that incorporates estimates of how coefficients
and error are distributed.
Bellman's Equation - ANSEquation used in dynamic programming that ensures optimality of a
solution.
, Bernoulli Distribution - ANSDiscrete probability distribution where the outcome is binary, either 0
or 1. Often, 1 represents success and 0 represents failure. The probability of the outcome being
1 is 𝑝 and the probability of outcome being 0 is 𝑞 = 1−𝑝, where 𝑝 is between 0 and 1.
Bias - ANSSystematic difference between a true parameter of a population and its estimate.
Binary Data - ANSData that can take only two different values (true/false, 0/1, black/white,
on/off, etc.)
Binary integer program - ANSInteger program where all variables are binary variables.
Binary Variable - ANSVariable that can take just two values: 0 and 1.
Binomial Distribution - ANSDiscrete probability distribution for the exact number of successes, k,
out of a total of n iid Bernoulli trials, each with probability p: Pr(𝑘)= (n over k) p^k(1-p)^n-k
Blocking - ANSFactor introduced to an experimental design that interacts with the effect of the
factors to be studied. The effect of the factors is studied within the same level (block) of the
blocking factor.
box and whisker plot - ANSGraphical representation data showing the middle range of data (the
"box"), reasonable ranges of variability ("whiskers"), and points (possible outliers) outside those
ranges.
Box-Cox Transformation - ANSTransformation of a non-normally-distributed response to a
normal distribution.
Branching - ANSSplitting a set of data into two or more subsets, to each be analyzed separately.
CART - ANSClassification and regression trees.
Categorical Data - ANSData that classifies observations without quantitative meaning (for
example, colors of cars) or where quantitative amounts are categorized (for example, "0-10,
11-20, ...").
Causation - ANSRelationship in which one thing makes another happen (i.e., one thing causes
another).
Chance Constraint - ANSA probability-based constraint. For example, a standard linear
constraint might be 𝐴x≤𝑏. A similar chance constraint might be Pr (𝐴x≤𝑏)≥0.95
Change Detection - ANSIdentifying when a significant change has taken place in a process.
1-norm - ANSSimilar to rectilinear distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from
the origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an m-dimensional space, then it's 1-norm is square
root(|𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧𝑚| = |𝑧1|+|𝑧2|+⋯+|𝑧| = Σm over i=1 |𝑧𝑖|
A/B Testing - ANStesting two alternatives to see which one performs better
2-norm - ANSSimilar to Euclidian distance; measures the straight-line length of a vector from the
origin. If z=(z1,z2,...,zm) is a vector in an 𝑚-dimensional space, then its 2-norm is the same as
1-norm but everything is squared= square root(Σm over i=1 (|𝑧𝑖|)^2)
Accuracy - ANSFraction of data points correctly classified by a model; equal to TP+TN /
TP+FP+TN+FN
Action - ANSIn ARENA, something that is done to an entity.
Additive Seasonality - ANSSeasonal effect that is added to a baseline value (for example, "the
temperature in June is 10 degrees above the annual baseline").
Adjusted R-squared - ANSVariant of R2 that encourages simpler models by penalizing the use
of too many variables.
AIC - ANSAkaike information criterion- Model selection technique that trades off between model
fit and model complexity. When comparing models, the model with lower AIC is preferred.
Generally penalizes complexity less than BIC.
Algorithm - ANSStep-by-step procedure designed to carry out a task.
Analysis of Variance/ANOVA - ANSStatistical method for dividing the variation in observations
among different sources.
Approximate dynamic program - ANSDynamic programming model where the value functions
are approximated.
Arc - ANSConnection between two nodes/vertices in a network. In a network model, there is a
variable for each arc, equal to the amount of flow on the arc, and (optionally) a capacity
constraint on the arc's flow. Also called an edge.
,Area under the curve (AUC) - ANSArea under the ROC curve; an estimate of the classification
model's accuracy. Also called concordance index.
ARIMA - ANSAutoregressive integrated moving average.
Arrival Rate - ANSExpected number of arrivals of people, things, etc. per unit time -- for
example, the expected number of truck deliveries per hour to a warehouse.
Assignment Problem - ANSNetwork optimization model with two sets of nodes, that finds the
best way to assign each node in one set to each node in the other set.
Attribute - ANSA characteristic or measurement - for example, a person's height or the color of a
car. Generally interchangeable with "feature", and often with "covariate" or "predictor". In the
standard tabular format, a column of data.
Autoregression - ANSRegression technique using past values of time series data as predictors
of future values.
Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) - ANSTime series model that uses
differences between observations when data is nonstationary. Also called Box-Jenkins.
Backward elimination - ANSVariable selection process that starts with all variables and then
iteratively removes the least-immediately-relevant variables from the model.
Balanced Design - ANSSet of combinations of factor values across multiple factors, that has the
same number of runs for all combinations of levels of one or more factors.
Balking - ANSAn entity arrives to the queue, sees the size of the line (or some other attribute),
and decides to leave the system.
Bayes' theorem/Bayes' rule - ANSFundamental rule of conditional probability:
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)=𝑃(𝐵|𝐴)*𝑃(𝐴) / 𝑃(𝐵)
Bayesian Information criterion (BIC) - ANSModel selection technique that trades off model fit
and model complexity. When comparing models, the model with lower BIC is preferred.
Generally penalizes complexity more than AIC.
Bayesian Regression - ANSRegression model that incorporates estimates of how coefficients
and error are distributed.
Bellman's Equation - ANSEquation used in dynamic programming that ensures optimality of a
solution.
, Bernoulli Distribution - ANSDiscrete probability distribution where the outcome is binary, either 0
or 1. Often, 1 represents success and 0 represents failure. The probability of the outcome being
1 is 𝑝 and the probability of outcome being 0 is 𝑞 = 1−𝑝, where 𝑝 is between 0 and 1.
Bias - ANSSystematic difference between a true parameter of a population and its estimate.
Binary Data - ANSData that can take only two different values (true/false, 0/1, black/white,
on/off, etc.)
Binary integer program - ANSInteger program where all variables are binary variables.
Binary Variable - ANSVariable that can take just two values: 0 and 1.
Binomial Distribution - ANSDiscrete probability distribution for the exact number of successes, k,
out of a total of n iid Bernoulli trials, each with probability p: Pr(𝑘)= (n over k) p^k(1-p)^n-k
Blocking - ANSFactor introduced to an experimental design that interacts with the effect of the
factors to be studied. The effect of the factors is studied within the same level (block) of the
blocking factor.
box and whisker plot - ANSGraphical representation data showing the middle range of data (the
"box"), reasonable ranges of variability ("whiskers"), and points (possible outliers) outside those
ranges.
Box-Cox Transformation - ANSTransformation of a non-normally-distributed response to a
normal distribution.
Branching - ANSSplitting a set of data into two or more subsets, to each be analyzed separately.
CART - ANSClassification and regression trees.
Categorical Data - ANSData that classifies observations without quantitative meaning (for
example, colors of cars) or where quantitative amounts are categorized (for example, "0-10,
11-20, ...").
Causation - ANSRelationship in which one thing makes another happen (i.e., one thing causes
another).
Chance Constraint - ANSA probability-based constraint. For example, a standard linear
constraint might be 𝐴x≤𝑏. A similar chance constraint might be Pr (𝐴x≤𝑏)≥0.95
Change Detection - ANSIdentifying when a significant change has taken place in a process.
