NR 310 Exam With Complete Answer.

Ecosystem services - correct answer the benefits (goods and services) people obtain from ecosystems [MA 2005] Provisioning services - correct answer the products obtained from ecosystems (food, biological raw materials, freshwater, biomass fuel) Examples of provisioning services - correct answer food, biological raw materials (cotton, leather), biomass fuel, freshwater, genetic resources, pharmaceuticals Regulating services - correct answer the services of regulating climatic, water, bio-chemical and biological processes Examples of regulating services - correct answer maintence of air quality, regulation of climate, erosion control, water purificaiton and waste treatment, pollination, natural hazard mitigation Cultural services - correct answer the (nonmaterial) services provided through recreation, knowledge, relaxation and spiritual reflection Examples of cultural services - correct answer recreation and ecotourism, ethical and spiritual values, educational and inspirational values Supporting services - correct answer ecological functions that support production of other categories Examples of supporting services - correct answer habitat, nutrient cycling, primary production, water cycling Natural capital - correct answer the stock of natural ecosystems which provide ecosystem services and produce value to people Human capital - correct answer includes both physical labor of humans and the know-how stored in their brains Built capital - correct answer encompasses all the machines and other infrastructure like buildlings, roads, and factories that compose the human economy Social capital - correct answer includes the web of interpersonal connections, institutional arrangements, rules, and norms that facilitate individual human interactions Financial capital - correct answer productive power and the value of the other four capitals that exist in the form of currency that can be owned or traded How does natural capital fit into ecosystems services concept? - correct answer ES = benefits people get from natural ecosystems, natural capital is the stock of ecosystems these benefits come from. Forest = natural capital Climate regulation = ES Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - correct answer - largest assesment ever undertaken of health of ecosystems - designed to meet needs of decision-makers (gov, business, civil society) - humans have changed ecosystems rapidly - net gains in HWB & econ development, gowing costs of ES degradation Driver - correct answer a natural or human induced factor that causes change in an ecosystem Direct driver examples - correct answer habitat or land use change, climate change, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species (usually remain costant or growing in intensity) Indirect driver examples - correct answer population, technology, economic activity, political and cultural factors ES Approach - correct answer human needs at center of NR and biodiversity management, aims to ensure ES provided are considered in hositic, interdisciplinary framework