Pathophysiology Hesi Exit Final Exams

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI EXIT FINAL EXAMS What kind of nursing implications will come with diverticulosis? - CORRECT ANSWERencourage 2-3 L of fluid per day, assess stools for color, consistency, frequency, and presence, and offer high dietary roughage. What are the warning signs of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state - CORRECT ANSWER-polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia and also an elevated fever What is the glucose level in a hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state? - CORRECT ANSWER-above 600 How severe is the dehydration that comes with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state? - CORRECT ANSWER-it is so bad it can send you into a diabetic coma. What are the classifications of osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER-type 1 is associated with early menopausal estrogen deficiency, type 2 is senile osteoporosis with calcium with calcium deficiency What kind of nursing implications come with osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWERimplement an exercise regimen that incorporates weight bearing exercises and instruct on adequate calcium intake through diet or supplements How can you test hCG. hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-you can test for detection by blood test about 11 days after conceptions and about 14 days after conception by urine test. The levels will peak in the first 8-11 weeks Explain starling's law - CORRECT ANSWER-the greater the muscle fibers are stretched, the more the heart can pump out blood more forcefully, so the CO will be increased. What is tissue plasminogen activator? - CORRECT ANSWER-it is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown When would you use tissue plasminogen activator? - CORRECT ANSWER-for treatment of acute ischemic stroke What is cardiac tamponade? - CORRECT ANSWER-It is compression of heart muscles by excess fluid or blood within the pericardial sac What would you hear in someone who has cardiac tamponade? - CORRECT ANSWER-you would hear a friction rub Where do you want your HDL levels to be at? - CORRECT ANSWER-above 35mg/dL What is the most abundant plasma protein? - CORRECT ANSWER-albumin What is the purpose of albumin? - CORRECT ANSWER-it helps move many small molecules through the blood When would you have decreased albumin? - CORRECT ANSWER-After weight-loss surgery, Crohn's disease, low-protein diets, sprue, whipple disease What are the 2 dysfunctions of CHF - CORRECT ANSWER-diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction What is diastolic dysfunction? - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when ventricles pump against extremely high afterload as in primary HTN What is systolic dysfunction - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when ventricles experience damage as in MI and ventricle cannot contract effectively. This leads to an increase in preload. What is the pathological definition of emphysema? - CORRECT ANSWER-It is breakdown of elastin and collagen fiber network of alveoli whereby alveoli enlarge or walls are destroyed. How would a person's breathing be affected with emphysema ? - CORRECT ANSWERThe person would starts to hyperventilate to maintain ABGs. Cyanosis will come later in emphysema. What is the cause of Addison's disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-it is a deficit of adrenocorticotropic hormones. What kind of traumas can cause hypo function of the adrenal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWER-surgical removal, infection or tumor of adrenal glands, head trauma (because it affects the pituitary) How is sodium affected in decreased function of the adrenal hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER-increased NA excretion. What is pannus - CORRECT ANSWER-vascular granulation tissue that forms in synovial membrane of clients with RA What are the diagnostic criteria for RA? - CORRECT ANSWER-morning stiffness for at least 1 hour and persisting over at least 6 weeks, arthritis with swelling or effusion of 3 or more joints persisting for at least 6 weeks. What can exacerbate MS - CORRECT ANSWER-stress, pregnancy, illness, fever, and fatigue What are the signs/symptoms of MS - CORRECT ANSWER-visual disturbances, spasticity of muscles, nystagmus, tremors, and gait instability What are the types shock? - CORRECT ANSWER-hypoventilation, cardiogenic, obstructive, or disruptive What causes diabetes insipidus? - CORRECT ANSWER-ADH insufficiency, results in excess fluid excretion cholelithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER-condition where there are stones present in the gall bladder How are gallstones formed? - CORRECT ANSWER-they formed when cholesterol and calcium precipitate as solid crystals within mucous lining of gallbladder What kind of foods should you avoid with cholelithiasis? - CORRECT ANSWER-high fat foods, whole milk products, hot dogs, chocolate and cheese When would you use in an intra-aortic balloon pump? - CORRECT ANSWER-in cardiogenic shock What would the ST segment look like post MI? - CORRECT ANSWER-a straight line between S wave and the beginning of the T wave What is the glucose level for hyperglycemia in diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER-above 250 What will you find in the urine with diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER-ketones and glucose What is the hyper osmolality level in HHNK - CORRECT ANSWER-above 310 What is in the urine with HHNK? - CORRECT ANSWER-glucose What is the level of hypoglycemia? - CORRECT ANSWER-below 70