CLEP Exam: Human Growth and Development Study Guide 2024

List The Big Five. - 1.) Extroversion 2.) Neuroticism 3.) Agreeableness 4.) Conscientiousness 5.) Openness Neuroticism refers to ________ instability - Emotional In development research, nature is the ______ component of an organisms development - Hereditary The nature of a person can include what? - - Physical - Mental - Emotional traits In developmental research, the ________ component of an organisms development is known as nurture - Environmental Sensory ______ studies are done in developmental psychology research to try to determine what effect the environment has on development - Deprivation Environmental theories are those theories that aim to explain or predict behavior based primarily on a persons __________ and past experience, and not placing as much emphasis on genetics - Learning According to ________ hierarchy of needs, at the top of the pyramid is self-actualization - Abraham Maslow Define, "The need to reach ones unique potential to the fullest" - Self-actualization Epigenetic theories emphasize what? - Nature and nurture Erikson proposed that there were eight stages of psycho-social development. List the four of which occur during childhood. - 1.) Trust vs. Mistrust 2.) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3.) Initiative vs. Guilt 4.) Industry vs. Inferiority Erikson defined eight stages, and a _______ that is associated with each stage - Crisis The _______ stage deals with whether the child develops a sense of confidence in intellectual and social skills or develops a sense of failure and lack of confidence - Industry vs. Inferiority Identity Formation was studied by _________, who constructed the major task of adolescence as ________________. - - Erik Erikson - Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (Who am I uniquely?) According to Eirksons eight stages of human development, the crisis experienced in the adolescence stage is __________ - Identity Erik Eriksons adolescence stage lasts from Age ____ to ______, and during this time humans deal with the ______ -----"Who am I?" - - 12- 18 - Identity Crisis Erikson considered what to be the single most significant conflict a person must face? - Identity Crisis Eirksons second stage Autonomy vs. Doubt marks the beginning of what? - Self-control and self-confidence Define, "The observation of repeated patterns of behavior of an individual" - Behaviorism Traditional ____________ believe that learning plays the most important role in determining future development - Behaviorists The law of effect is __________ principle that responses associated with pleasant consequences tend to be repeated, while those associated with discomforting consequences tend to be eliminated - Thorndike Ethology focuses on researching what? - Inherited behavior through family genetics and lineage The study of human and animal behavior from a _______ point of view, characterized by the study of animals in their natural environments is known as ethology - Biological _______ was initially trained as a biologist and naturalist, and later became a psychologist, and was known best for his studies in ethology during his early career - Jean Piaget Define, "Describes classrooms where students with disabilities and students who do not have disabilities are together" - Mainstreaming During _______ growth, adaptation is apparent when a person or thing changes to fit with its surroundings - Cognitive What are the two ways in which a person adapts his/her thinking? - 1.) Assimilation 2.) Accommodation Define, "Involves incorporating new information into previously existing thinking structures or schema" - Assimilation Assimilation is Piagets term for the ability to take in information and perceptions that are _______ with the persons current understanding of the world - Compatible Piagets term for the process in which people adjust or change their understanding to incorporate aspects of an experience not currently represented in the cognitive structure is known as ___________ - Accommodation Define, "Involves the formation of new mental structures or schema when new information does not fit into existing structures" - Accommodation An adults personality has some kind of biological basis in the temperament he was ________ with as a child. However, the _____________ he grows up in plays a huge role in shaping that temperament into his personality as an adult. - - Born - Environment Define, "When a person is satisfied with their life and what they've accomplished and passed on to the next generation." - Ego integrity Define, "When the person has reached almost the end of their life and they have regrets about not doing everything they hoped to do or pass on to the next generation" - Ego Despair What is considered average on an IQ test? - 100 Kwashiorkor is a severe form of ________, caused by a deficiency in dietary protein. The extreme lack of protein causes an osmotic imbalance in the gastro-intestinal system causing swelling of the gut diagnosed as an edema or retention of water. - Malnutrition Define, "Is literally the direction in which growth will probably go. In cognitive development theory, the term is used to describe the stages of cognitive development -- representing only what typically occurs during the development of most individuals, but not necessarily in the development of all individuals" - Probabilistic epigenesis Empirical evidence is the information collected that is based sole on experiments or ______ observations - Objective Hierarchy of motives is a theory developed by ________ in which more basic needs must be met first before needs of a higher order can come into play - Abraham Maslow