NYSTCE Students with Disabilities CST Exam Review Guide

NYSTCE Students with Disabilities CST Exam Review Guide mainstreaming integrating students with disabilities or special needs into the overall educational program Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act (IDEIA) federal law that governs the education of children with disabilities Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) U.S. legislation granting educational rights to people with cognitive, emotional, or physical disabilities from birth until age 21; initially passed in 1975, it has been amended and reauthorized in 1997 and again in 2004. IDEA operates under six basic principles: zero reject, nondiscriminatory identification and evaluation, free and appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, due process, and parent and student participation in shared decision making with regard to educational planning. Child Find A function of each state, mandated by federal law, to locate and refer individuals who might require special education Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) Special education and related services that (a) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction and without charge; (b) meet the standards of the state educational agency; (c) include an appropriate preschool, elementary, or secondary school education in the state involved; and (d) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn Continuum of Services matching the needs of the student with an appropriate placement on an individual basis Individualized Education Plan (IEP) a legal document defining the educational program and related services for a specific student who has a disability Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) a written document similar to an IEP that focuses on the family and the child's natural environment Vocational Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of physical or mental disabilities Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) helps ensure the privacy of educational records such as IEPs Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) increases the accountability of schools with respect to the academic progress of students with disabilities Committee on Special Education (CSE) stores student special education records, opens all initial referrals and assigns a CSE case number for public school students. The CSE also manages all special education issues for non-public schools (private, parochial) and charter schools Committee on Preschool Special Education (CPSE) for children between the ages of 3 and 5 Procedural Safeguards provisions of IDEA designed to protect students and parents in the special education process Due Process refers to principles that attempt to guarantee the rights of citizens due process hearing A procedure to resolve a conflict between school and family over the evaluation, program, or placement of a student with a disability age of majority the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult prereferral assessment to help students who are struggling in the general education setting before referring them for special education assessment Response to Intervention (RTI) an educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement in early grades, using special intervention self-reflection the process of becoming aware of and analyzing one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) __________________ is an example of a US government website that provides information about scientifically based research of relevance to instructional practice. US Department of Education A government agency that oversees education and federal student aid in the United States Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) offers programs, services, and a variety of resources that promote inclusion, equity, and opportunity for students with disabilities Council for Exceptional Children An organization that was founded in 1922 to advocate for all children with disabilities is called the receptive language ability to comprehend speech expressive language the ability to use sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate meaning Phonology the study of speech sounds in language phoneme in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Semantics the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning Syntax sentence structure and word order Morphology study of form Pragmatics (use) the rules of language governing how language is used for social purposes orthography the conventional spelling system of a language Concepts of Print Basic understanding about the way print works including the direction of print, spacing, punctuation, letters, and words Alphabetic knowledge The ability to recognize, name, and write letters Alphabetic Principle an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words phonological awareness the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language Decoding sounding out words fluency smoothness of speech Pre-alphabetic phase Children can identify words, but they do so by treating words as visual objects, rather than applying letter-sound associations Partial Alphabetic Phase children know some letters and letter-sound associations and can use them along with context clues Full alphabetic phase children apply alphabet knowledge systematically when decoding and often decode words letter by letter consolidated alphabetic phase recurring letter patterns become consolidated. Rather than sounding out words letter by letter, children recognize that certain groups of letters function as units Digraphs pairs of letters that represent a single sound like "sh" and "oo" consonant clusters pairs of consonants that appear together in a syllable, but do not represent a single sound "rk" in bark syllables units of pronunciation containing one vowel sound rimes part of syllables consisting of the vowel and any consonant that follows Onsets the parts of syllables that precede the vowel Morphemes the smallest units of meaning in a language dyslexia a learning disability that results in difficulty reading and writing symptoms of dyslexia difficulty recognizing familiar words, inability to decode unfamiliar words, difficulty segmenting words into phonemes, difficulty identifying or creating rhymes, seeing letters or words in reverse, seeing letters move or blur, etc. 13 categories of disabilities 1. Auditory impairment (0-21) 2. Autism 3. Deaf-blindness (0-21) 4. Emotional Disturbance 5. Intellectual disability (4 levels ranging from mild to severe to profound) 6. Multiple disabilities (2+) 7. Non-categorical early childhood (3-5) 8. Orthopedic impairment; physical limitations 9. Other health impairment: Asthma; ADHD; ADD 10. Specific learning disability 11. Speech impairment 12. Traumatic brain injury 13. Visual impairment (0-21) Autism a developmental disability, generally detectable before age 3, that affects communication, social interaction, and learning. The child may show language delays, unusual speech patterns, aversion to eye contact and touch, repetitive behaviors, and resistance to change in daily routines deaf-blindness Simultaneous hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness. deafness an extreme hearing impairment that adversely impacts the student's educational performance Emotional Disturbance a condition that reflects at least one of the following: an inability to learn; an inability to build or sustain satisfactory personal relationships; feeling or behaviors that are ordinarily inappropriate; pervasive unhappiness or depression; a tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears related to personal problems or problems at school hearing impairment an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child's educational performance but is not included under the definition of "deafness." intellectual disability