Animal Nutrition (ANSC 221) Questions And Verified Answers

Animal Nutrition (ANSC 221) Questions And Verified Answers Dr. William Beaumont - correct answerArmy doctor (Ft. Mackinac) who made observations in fistula in stomach of Alexio St. Martin; opportunity to learn about how stomach functions. Antione Lavoisier - correct answerFrench scientist credited as the Father of Nutrition. He put weight measures into chemistry, designed a calorimeter (measured heat produced by the body from work, from consumption of different types and amounts of foods), and said "Life is a chemical process". Beheaded in French revolution. Dr. Stephen Babcock - correct answerFirst semi-purified diets (single plant feeding experiment), all corn or wheat, used in economically important species. Corn fed animals were sleeker and more vigorous, had normal calves. Wheat fed calves died at birth or soon after. Either corn contained something wheat did not or wheat had something toxic. Resulted in discovery of vitamins and golden age of nutrition. Babcock Milkfat test. Alexio St. Martin - correct answerFrench trapper who was shot and whose stomach Dr. William Beaumont made observations with after he healed it but a fistula was left. Daniel (Bible) - correct answerFirst nutritional experiment. After captured, refused to eat King's food and wine. 10 day experiment of eating vegetables and water, and after 10 days, Daniel's men appeared fairer and fatter in flesh. Dr. James Lind - correct answerBritish naval doctor who wrote treatise on scurvy. Often credited as discovering effect of citrus on scurvy and credited w/initial discovery of vitamin C, but he failed to recognize the importance of his own observations. Funk - correct answercoined Vitamin, after "vital amines" What is the first recorded nutritional experiment? - correct answerBook of Daniel (Bible) What did Beaumont discover together with Alexio St. Martin? - correct answerObservations of stomach fistula. Discovered that stomach is not a grinder, no spirit in the body directing some of the foods to 'good' purposes, and disregarding the 'bad', digesting takes place by digestive juices secreted from the stomach, foods are digested at the same time but at different rates, stomach rumblings are just stomach contractions, and fat is digested slowly. Who was responsible for the health of the Limeys (British Navy)? Why are they called Limeys? - correct answerDr. James Lind, called Limeys because forced to suck on a lemon each day, and lemon they used was called a lime. What was the significance of the single plant feeding experiment? - correct answerHeifers fed corn did well, but ones fed wheat didn't do as well, some infertility with wheat and oats. Best to feed a mixture of feeds, discovery of vitamins Who named vitamins after vital amines? - correct answerFunk Who is credited with "Life is a chemical process", and is called the Father of Nutrition? - correct answerLavoisier What are the major differences and similarities in composition between animals and the plant materials that serve as their food? - correct answerAll rely on sun. Animals are mostly protein, most plants contain much lower levels of protein (soybean and other soil seeds are exceptions), Plants are composed mostly of carbohydrates (usually!) Animals only contain a trace of carbohydrate. Animals store their extra energy as fat, most plants do not. Oil seeds are an exception. Animals have a lot of mineral. Animals: Ca & P, Plants P & K) Plants and animal composition are different therefore balance diets by adding to the plant material animals eat to balance the diet. Sugar - correct answerAny monosaccharide or dissarachide, used by animals to store energy Monosaccharide - correct answera simple sugar, cannot be broken down Disaccharide - correct answercomposed of two monosaccharides hooked together glucose + fructose = - correct answersucrose (table sugar) - disaccharide glucose + galactose = - correct answerlactose (milk sugar) - disaccharide glucose + glucose w/ alpha bond = - correct answermaltose/starch - disaccharide glucose + glucose w/ beta bond = - correct answercellulose/cellobiose - disaccharide polysaccharide - correct answermany sugars (any CHO with more than 2 simple sugars hooked together) starch - correct answermade of repeating units of the disaccharide maltose cellulose - correct answerglucose connected w/beta bonds, not digestible by animals, only bacteria make cellulase, enzyme that can break down cellulose, cellulose is part of cell wall pf plants, only of value to ruminant animals because it takes bacteria to make cellulase to digest it (or bacteria of nonruminant herbivores like horse and rabbit) glycogen - correct answerstorage CHO found in animals, but only in small amunts, readily available supply of energy glucose - correct answerblood sugar, monosaccharide made of 6 C atoms (hexose), two forms, D-glucose (natural form) and L-glucose ribose - correct answermonosaccharide, made of 5 C atoms (pentose), one of most important sugars, part of DNA and RNA fructose - correct answermonosaccharide, 6 C sugar (hexose), abundant in plants galactose - correct answermonosaccharide, 6 C sugar (hexose) maltose - correct answer/starch, disaccharide made of glucose + glucose connected with alpha bond cellobiose - correct answer/cellulose, disaccharide, glucose + glucose connected by beta bond, not enzyme made by animals that can digest this beta bond hemicellulose - correct answerabout like cellulose except all of the sugar units are not just glucose lignin - correct answernot really carbohydrate, but it is in the fibrous part of the feed associated w/cellulose, which is carbohydrate, and is analyzed along w/carbohydrate. Completely indigestible, binds to cellulose and decreases the digestibility (dramatically) of other feed components, no nutritional benefits, provides insect resistance and structural rigidity benefits for the plant amylase - correct answerenzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of starch into sugars amylopectin - correct answerkind of starch, branched chain polymer; ex: biodegradable packing peanuts amylose - correct answerkind of starch, straight chain polymer, ex: corn that is sugary cellulase - correct answerenzyme that breaks down cellulose, mainly produced by bacteria xylose - correct answermonosaccharide, 5 C sugar (pentose) - present in fibrous material and trees mannose - correct answermonosaccharide, 6 C (hexose) acetic acid - correct answera volatile fatty acid (VFA) with 2 carbon atoms (CH3COOH) propionic acid - correct answerVFA w/ 3 carbon atoms butyric acid - correct answerVFA w/ 4 carbon atoms palmitic acid - correct answera long chain fatty acid, 16 C's, 0 DBs, one of two main fatty acids stearic acid - correct answera long chain fatty acid, 18 C's, 0 DBs, one of two main fatty acids oleic acid - correct answera long chain fatty acid, 18 C's, 1 DB linoleic acid - correct answera long chain fatty acid, essential, 18 C's, 3 DBs arachidonic acid - correct answera long chain fatty acid, essential, 20 C's, 4 DBs essential fatty acid - correct answeressential in diet - linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic. Deficiency causes skin problems, necrosis, growth and reproductive failure, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and poor feathering in chicks glycerol - correct answersimple sugar - a 3 carbon alcohol, most fat is composed of glycerol and fatty acids triglyceride - correct answerhave 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids diglyceride - correct answerhave 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids monoglyceride - correct answerhave 1 glycerol and 1 fatty acid 10 essential amino acids (PVT TIM HALL) - correct answerPhenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine peptide bond - correct answeramino acids connected by peptide bonds polypeptide - correct answerchains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds crude protein - correct answerN x 6.35 = crude protein true protein - correct answercomplex things made of amino acid connected by peptide bonds in long, complicated chains NPN - correct answernon-protein nitrogen. Ruminants can use NPN because the bacteria in the rumen can use it to build their own amino acids Which could best be called the MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT? - correct answerWater Which nutrient class provides most of the energy in livestock diets? - correct answercarbohydrates Which nutrient class has the most energy per gram? - correct answerFat (9 kcal) Which nutrient class provides energy only after requirements for it are met? - correct answerProtein Which nutrient classes do NOT provide any energy? - correct answerminerals, vitamins, and water Which nutrient is analyzed as crude fiber and NFE? Is soluble in ether? is analyzed by kjeldahl procedure? is analyzed by N x 6.25? - correct answerCarbohydrates, fats, protein, crude protein How much energy do fats, carbohydrates and proteins have in relation to e/o? - correct answerFats - 9kcal, contain 2.25x as much as carbohydrates (4kcal) and protein (4kcal)