NYSTCE ESOL CST (116) EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A 2024

Howard Gardner - created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential one-word stage - stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a single word to convey a full meaning humor stage - stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture connotation - the emotional association of a word Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - an individually administered assessment that measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification two-word stage - stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use word combinations early stage of literacy development - characterized by the learner's use of multiple strategies to predict and understand words intermediate fluency - fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct many of their own errors validity - indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable natural order hypothesis - one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners assimilation - when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds integrative services - a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and the clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed assistance bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - 1973 Supreme Court decision ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students infinitive phrase - a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb discourse competence - the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles relative pronoun - a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live in Texas, which is a big state.) utterances - speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are surrounded on both sides by silence WIDA - (World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics and language learning antecedent - the noun a pronoun replaces cloze procedure - the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading comprehension activity induction - process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial and error listening guides - statements or questions that provide instructional focus when listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction Language Experience Approach (LEA) - uses learners' prior knowledge and experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning of each individual student cooperative learning - when the teacher places students into small groups and gives them a task to complete together discovery learning - when students perform experiments or research information to comprehend new concepts diagnostic assessment - given before a learning experience to measure the students' baseline knowledge