DAT Biology Practice Test Questions/Concepts Fla

DAT Biology Practice Test Questions/Concepts Operant conditioning - ANS the use of reinforcement to condition a response to a stimulus (Ex: electric shocks to teach a mouse where to go) Discrimination - ANS the ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to slightly different stimuli Pavlovian conditioning - ANS autonomic response to an environmental stimulus (Ex: dog salivates upon hearing bell because owner feeds him when rings bell everyday) Instrumental conditioning - ANS conditioning responses to stimuli with the use of reward or reinforcement Habituation - ANS when a normal response is suppressed upon stimulation Classical conditioning - ANS the learning of an association between two events after repeated pairings of the two events Imprinting - ANS exposure to a certain environmental stimulus during a critical period of development Dicotyledons - ANS have "net veined leaves" and vascular bundles; contains seeds with two cotyledons; woody Ex: maple and apple trees Pistil of a flower includes... - ANS stigma, style, ovary, and ovule (reproductive part of a flower) A single nondisjunction could cause... - ANS -spontaneous miscarriage of the fetus -47 chromosomes -45 chromosomes -diseases such as Down's syndrome NOT breakage near the centromere The first meiotic division is known as ______ - ANS the reduction division DNA replication occurs during ___ Phase of the cell cycle - ANS S Gas exchange in an insect occurs in the... - ANS Tracheae Different types of biomes - ANS -Tropical forest: warm near the equator -Temperate forest: broad-leaved deciduous forests with a wide temperature range -Taiga: dense evergreen forests, found in northernmost Canada -Tundra: northern, high altitude regions, vegetation limited to shrubby like growth -Pelagic zone: aquatic zone, all open water, not the seafloor Symbiosis - ANS Two organisms living in the same environment Mutualism - ANS both organisms benefit Commensalism - ANS when one organism benefits and the other is unaffected Parasitism - ANS when one organism benefits at the cost of another organism Scavenging - ANS Searching for food; Ex: dead animal being eaten Product of glycolysis - ANS Pyruvate Hardy Weinburg equation - ANS p²+2pq+q² Electron transport chain occurs where? - ANS Inner mitochondrial matrix Net production of ATP during glycolysis? - ANS 2 ATP isotonic - ANS Having the same solute concentration as another solution. hypertonic - ANS In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration. hypotonic - ANS In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration. Characteristics of mammals - ANS -produce milk -have 3 bones in middle ear -have heterodont dentition (different kinds of teeth) -Use sebaceous glands (NOT Poikilothermic--having varying range of body temperatures) Which of the following is a component of the pros encephalon? - ANS Telencephalon (brain) In asexual reproduction... - ANS offspring are produced without fertilization All of the following organs are involved in secretion- - ANS Liver, Kidney, Skin, and Lungs NOT pancreas Blood types - ANS A, B, O, AB *Know about these The initial digestion of carbohydrates takes place _____ - ANS in the mouth (with the help of amylase) Enzymes are types of ____ that are sensitive to ____ and ____ - ANS catalysts pH temperature The pancreas produces hormones that: - ANS regulate blood glucose levels Structures formed when crossing over occurs are called: - ANS Chiasmata The leaf of a plant consists of - ANS --a spongy layer and a palisade layer Skin is _____ in origin - ANS Ectodermal Pancreas and liver are ____ in origin - ANS Endodermal The muscles and skeleton are ____ in origin - ANS Mesodermal What is involved in blood clotting? - ANS Platelets Fibrinogen Vitamin K Thromboplastin Which process does not require a carrier molecule? - ANS Endocytosis Which processes require a carrier molecule or active transport - ANS -Active transport -Na+/K+ pump -Facilitated diffusion -Intracellular Ca+ pump When does cytokinesis BEGIN? - ANS Anaphase During contraction of a skeletal muscle, which of the following occurs? - ANS H zone contracts I band decreases A band stays the same Z lines get closer together Components of the ear from outer ear to inner ear - ANS Pinna, Auditory canal, Tympanic membrane, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Semicircular canals, Cochlea, Eustachian tube All of the following are constituents of chromosomes: - ANS DNA, Chromatin, Cytosine, Telomeres, Proteins NOT tRNA Where does translation occur in eukaryotes? - ANS Rough ER Fluid mosaic model - ANS -The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer -The cell membrane has selective permeability -The cell membrane has proteins embedded throughout -The cell membrane is not permeable to charged ions (they cross via carrier proteins) -The interior of the cell membrane is relatively water-free All of the following are characteristics of fetal circulation: - ANS Blood is oxygenated at the placenta Blood is shunted away from the lungs by the ductus arterioles Fetal lungs receive very little blood Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin Avascular plants that alternate between haploid and diploid forms and have flagellated sperm are members of what group? - ANS Bryophyta (mosses) Which cellular organelle is directly responsible for ribosome synthesis? - ANS nucleolus Which hormone is secreted by the embryo and functions to maintain the corpus luteum? - ANS Human chorionic gonadotropin Unlike in facilitated diffusion, in active transport, - ANS Energy is required What are some forms of asexual reproduction? - ANS Binary fission, Budding, Parthenogenesis, Fragmentation NOT external fertilization (that is sexual reproduction) A person with blood type AB can donate to _____ & receive from _____ - ANS -people with blood type AB only; -all blood types (A, B, AB, or O) A peptide, targeted for secretion by the cell, has just been translated by the rough ER. What will happen to the peptide? - ANS The peptide will be modified and repackaged for exocytosis by the Golgi Apparatus Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? - ANS Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FCL), and Lutenizing hormone (LH) What is true about enzymes? - ANS -Enzymes form temporary enzyme-substrate complexes -Enzymes decrease activation energy -Enzyme activity is affected by changes in pH and temperature -Enzymes do not change the free energy of products Double fertilization occurs in - ANS mostly angiosperms Which of the following is the type of bacterial genetic variance characterized by integration of a foreign chromosome fragment (a plasmid) into the host genome? - ANS Transformation (If it said by a bacteriophage-not plasmid-it would be transduction) Which organelle was thought to originally be a free-living prokaryotic organism? - ANS Chloroplast (and mitochondria) Earthworms have ____ arotic arches - ANS FIVE Two closely related species share the same habitat but the sperm of one cannot fertilize the egg of the other species. What is this an example of? - ANS Gametic isolation In the Krebs cycle, high-energy electrons are passed to - ANS NADH and FADH2 The binding of a molecule other than the substrate to the ACTIVE site of the enzyme involved is called: - ANS competitive inhibition The pancreas produces: - ANS carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, lipase, and trypsin PKU is an example of - ANS autosomal recessive inheritance Autosomal dominant inheritance - ANS Each individual who has the disease has at least one affected parent Autosomal recessive inheritance - ANS Two unaffected parents can have an affected child Sex-linked recessive inheritance - ANS Recessive traits that are located only on the x chromosome. They are more common in men. In the human kidney - ANS salt is actively transported from the loop of Henle to the medulla When there is insufficient oxygen reaching the human muscles, the muscle cells - ANS convert pyruvate to lactate Cells which have the potential to develop into any type of tissue are called - ANS totipotent Hormones and their functions - ANS Glucocorticoids--promote release of glucose Aldosterone--promotes sodium retention Insulin--lowers blood sugar Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)--promotes retention of water Mineralocorticoids--promote retention of water and sometimes minerals Which would be involved in production of a secretory protein? - ANS Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosomes, Secretory vesicles NOT smooth ER Food storing tissue in the developing plant embryo is called - ANS endosperm In aerobic cellular respiration, what is true about NADH and FADH2? - ANS NADH and FADH2 function as electron carriers oogenesis - ANS In a food chain that consists of grass, spiders, mice snakes, and hawks, the organism with the greatest biomass is the: - ANS grass (bottom of the food chain) Which sequence represents embryonic development? - ANS zygote--morula--blastula--gastrula (has 3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm) Which of the following are steroid hormones? - ANS Estrogen, Cortisol, Androgen, Progesterone Which is NOT a steroid hormone? - ANS Insulin All of the following statements are part of modern cell theory EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. An organism's activity is dependent on the activity of its independent cells. B. Metabolism and biochemistry occur within cells. C. Hereditary information is stored in cells and is shared between cells during cell division. D. All cells contain a nucleus for the storage of genetic material. E. All cells in organisms of similar species have similar chemical compositions. - ANS D. All cells contain a nucleus for the storage of genetic material. Cell Theory - ANS All living organisms are composed of one or more cells The cell is the most basic unit of life All cells come from pre-existing, living cells The deregulation of apoptosis may lead to the development of various diseases. Which of these may develop from insufficient apoptosis? A. Alzheimer's disease B. Cancerous growth C. Parkinson's disease D. Turner Syndrome E. Huntington's disease - ANS Cancerous Growth A scientist wants to detach a peripheral membrane protein from the exterior of a cell membrane. Which is the best method to do so? - ANS Change the salt concentrations All of the following were observed by Miller-Urey in their classic experiment to check the hypothesis of the "chemical origins of life" EXCEPT for one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? - ANS nucleic acids Channel proteins allow particles to cross the cell membrane during what non-energy consuming process? - ANS Facilitated diffusion Active transport - ANS the transport of substances against their concentration gradient (from low to high), a process which requires energy Simple diffusion - ANS the passive transport of substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low), a non-energy consuming process; does not utilize channel proteins Facilitated diffusion - ANS the passive (non-energy consuming) transport of particles down their concentration gradient (from high to low) across channel proteins or carrier proteins Enzymes that are placed in temperatures above their ideal conditions will: - ANS Denature A toxin is released into the body that promotes the degeneration of microfilaments. Which of these structures is most likely to be directly affected? - ANS Muscle cells Which is the most correct definition of competitive inhibition? - ANS An inhibitor binds directly to the active site and prevents the reactant from binding What is the name of the structure that allows bacteria to stick to a surface? - ANS Pili Chromosomes align on a cell's equatorial plane during which stages of meiosis? - ANS Metaphase I and Metaphase II Meiosis I - ANS During the first stage of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair at the equatorial plate and eventually migrate to opposite poles (no separation of sister chromatids). Prophase I: nucleus disassembles: nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down, chromatin condenses, spindle develops. Microtubules begin attaching to kinetochores. Crossing over occurs here: this means genetic recombination occurs, and the nucleotide sequence of the chromosomes may be changed Metaphase I: homologous pairs are spread across metaphase plate. Microtubules attached to kinetochores of one member of each homologous pair. Microtubules from other site attach to 2nd member of pair. Anaphase I: homologues within tetrads uncouple and pulled to opposite sides (disjunction). Telophase I: nuclear membrane develops. Each pole forms a new nucleus that has half the number of chromosomes. Meiosis II - ANS chromosomes spread across metaphase plate and sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles. It is similar to mitosis. Prophase II: nuclear envelope disappears and spindle develops etc. No chiasmata and no crossing over. Metaphase II: chromosomes align on plate like in mitosis but now with half the number of chromosomes (no extra copy). Anaphase II: each chromosome is pulled into 2 separate chromatids and migrates to opposite poles of cell Telophase II: nuclear envelope reappears and cytokinesis occurs = 4 haploid cells (each chromosome = 1 chromatid). Various colors of light were shined on a unique green plant for 24 hours in a closed container and the amount of CO2 present in the container was recorded. The results are below: Initial Amount of CO2 Final Amount of CO2 Blue Light: 10 ppm Blue Light: 2.3 ppm Red Light: 10 ppm Red Light: 1.9 ppm Green Light: 10 ppm Green Light: 9.2 ppm - ANS The rate of photosynthesis was highest with the red light. Glycolysis is best described as what type of process? - ANS Exergonic This micrograph was most likely taken with which of the following microscopes? (scale bar = 200 nm) - ANS Transmission Electron Microscope (because its 2D) Which best defines a notochord? - ANS A length of cartilage extending along the body, which will become the spine. All of the following phyla have a complete digestive system EXCEPT for one. Which of the following is the EXCEPTION? A. Nematoda B. Annelida C. Mollusca D. Echinodermata E. Platyhelminthes - ANS Platyhelminthes There are many shared traits between fungi and the other four kingdoms. Of the five statements below, which one is unique to fungi? A. Some fungi are bioluminescent. B. Fungi have a cell wall, vacuoles, use sexual and asexual means of reproduction and produce spores. C. Fungi undergo an alternation of generations. D. Fungi cell walls are made of glucans and chitin. E. Fungi are heterotrophic, lack chloroplasts and are reliant on organic compounds for energy sources. - ANS D. Fungi cell walls are made of glucans and chitin. What type of muscle movement in the esophagus and intestine is responsible for food motility? - ANS Peristalsis 18. What type of immunity is defined by the transfer of antibodies from one person to another, most commonly illustrated when a woman breastfeeds her newborn infant? - ANS Passive Immunity 19. A muscle cell that is in a sustained state of contraction is said to be in: - ANS Tetanus 20. Oligodendrocytes are best associated with: - ANS White matter of the brain 21. The main extracellular buffer system in humans consists of: - ANS Bicarbonate 22. Blood in the pulmonary vein would be best characterized as which of the following? - ANS High in oxygen 23. All of the following hormones are derived from cholesterol EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? - ANS Epinephrine 24. Which of the following is a method marine fish use to maintain homeostasis? - ANS Constantly drink water Why does cartilage take a considerable amount of time to heal? - ANS Cartilage lacks a direct blood supply Which process best illustrates apoptosis in embryological development? A. Gastrulation of the blastula. B. Implantation into the uterine wall. C. Elongation of the post-anal tail. D. Fusion of pharyngeal slits. E. Removal of webbing between the fingers. - ANS E. Removal of webbing between the fingers. Apoptosis - ANS the process of cell death A human embryo is a deuterostome. In deuterostomes, the first opening that forms gives rise to what anatomical structure? - ANS Anus (If it asked in protostomes, it would be the mouth) 28. In mammals, which of the following structures aides the embryo in gas exchange and the disposal of liquid waste? - ANS Chorionic Villi 29. The majority of the cytoplasm in a developing zygote is provided from where? - ANS Oocyte 30. The presence of the AB blood group would be an example of what pattern of dominance? - ANS Codominance 31. To confirm the genetic similarity or difference between organisms, which of the following biotechnology processes should be used? - ANS Gel electrophoresis 33. A child is suspected to have Down Syndrome, or trisomy 21. Which of the following tests can substantiate this diagnosis? - ANS Karyotyping 35. Nondisjunction occurring during meiosis II, followed by fertilization, would result in a zygote with which of the following chromosomal descriptions? - ANS Aneuploid Which of the following are best characterized by brackish water? A. A river emptying into an inland lake. B. A mangrove leading to an estuary. C. A stream in a tropical forest. D. A freshwater marsh and lake. E. Seawater washing onto a beach. - ANS B. A mangrove leading to an estuary. A species of desert plant secretes a chemical into the surrounding soil that kills seeds from any other species of plant that attempts to germinate in that area. What is this an example of? - ANS Allelopathy Which biome is characterized as the largest biome on Earth with long harsh, snowy winters, short rainy and humid summers and with a landscape dominated by conifers? - ANS Taiga Describe an example of the process of adaptive radiation - ANS a number of different lineages emerging from a single ancestral species Which has a one way digestive tract? - ANS Earthworm Rapid summation of skeletal muscle fibers leads to - ANS summation of muscle contractions leading to tetanus In plant, actively dividing undifferentiated cells are referred to as: - ANS cambium Algae reside in the following marine biomes: - ANS Intertidal zone, Littoral zone, Photic Zone NOT aphotic zone A mutation in a gene of a somatic cell is deleterious because: - ANS It may lead to a tumor in that tissue Somatic cells - ANS Cells of the body Examples of vestigal structures - ANS Tails in humans, Whale hind-limb bones, Human appendix, Python leg bones NOT human tonsils The ectoderm will develop into which of the following structures? (given choices) - ANS Cerebellum Which of the following immediately precedes ovulation? - ANS peak in LH plasma concentration What decreases the affinity for hemoglobin to Oxygen? - ANS Decreased pH What organelle is NOT involved in the production and release of protein hormones? - ANS Lysosomes Which is characterized by special stinging cells? - ANS Cnidarians (jellyfish) Which path does fluid flow through the nephron? - ANS Bowman's capsule--Proximal tubule--downward loop of Henle--upward loop of Henle--distal tubule--collecting duct Crossing over occurs during... - ANS prophase I of meiosis A rosebush produces: - ANS a pollen grain which is the male gametophyte Functions of the human pancreas - ANS --secrete insulin to regulate blood glucose levels --secrete amylase to digest carbons --secrete trypsin for protein digestion --secrete lipase for fat digestion T/F DNA Synthesis and RNA Synthesis occur in the nucleus - ANS True T/F Protein Synthesis occurs in the nucleus - ANS False Hypothyroidism can lead to... - ANS cold intolerance & decrease in metabolic rate The P680 Chlorophyll A molecule of Photosystem II... - ANS oxidizes water The cerebrum is part of the - ANS forebrain Which of the following is not a characteristic of glycolysis? (given options) - ANS O2 is converted to H2O In an inducible gene regulation system: - ANS the repressor binds to the operator to block transcription Freshwater fish respond to their osmotic environment by: - ANS absorbing salt through their gills G and C form how many bonds between them? - ANS 3 A and T form how many bonds between them? - ANS 2 Hypothalamus controls.... - ANS Hunger Thirst Water balance Blood pressure Temperature regulation Sex drive Denitrifying bacteria: - ANS converts nitrates to nitrogen gas Prokaryotes have: - ANS ribosomes Ten turns of the calvin cycle produces ___ PGAL - ANS 20 (2 PGAL per turn) Stage of embryonic development that consists of a hollow ball of cells surrounding a fluid filled center - ANS Blastula True/False Glycolysis is anaerobic - ANS True Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves from an area of _____ solvent to an area of ______ solvent - ANS high low Example of a fixed action pattern - ANS Herd of cattle moving to a different area Sac-like structure involved in respiration and secretion - ANS Allantois Which region of the kidney has the lowest osmotic pressure? - ANS Cortex Glycolysis occurs in - ANS the cytoplasm The electron transport chain occurs in - ANS the inner mitochondrial membrane Which is not found in nucleic acids? - ANS Sulfur The tick bird feeds on parasites on the skin of a rhinoceros. This is an example of? - ANS Mutualism Bacterial uptake of a foreign chromosome via RECOMBINATION is known as - ANS transformation Plant cells divide via a - ANS cell plate Which metal is complexed to chlorophyll? - ANS Magnesium Fats differ from carbohydrates in that - ANS Fats have much more hydrogen than oxygen Adenine and guanine are - ANS purines Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil are - ANS pyrimidines The cerebellum is involved in - ANS balance, hand-eye coordination, and timing of rapid movements The cerebrum is involved in - ANS processessing sensory input such as taste, smell, and vision The medulla is in control of - ANS heart rate, breathing, and gastrointestinal activity Role of Lutenizing hormone in menstrual cycle - ANS LH induces the ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum and secrete progesterone and estrogen Posterior Pituitary releases what 2 hormones? - ANS Oxytocin and ADH(aka vasopressin) Prokaryotes have ______ DNA - ANS circular What is the original source of energy used to drive the light independent reactions of photosynthesis? - ANS Photons absorbed by chlorophyll If 2n=8, how many chromosomes are present during anaphase? - ANS 16 An unknown biological sample is exposed to several enzymes and is found to react only with lipase. What is this sample composed of? - ANS Adipose tissue Which of the following statements accurately describes cytokinesis in mammals? - ANS Microfilaments encircle the center of the cell and shorten. A researcher extracts a biomolecule from a cell and finds its molecular makeup is comprised of a large amount of nitrogen, no sulfur, and is found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Which of the following is most likely the biomolecule the researcher extracted? - ANS RNA Which organelle modifies products from the endoplasmic reticulum and is responsible for protein packaging? - ANS Golgi Complex An animal cell was lysed, placed in a test tube, and centrifuged. Which organelle would pellet from the centrifuge first? - ANS Nucleus What is the purpose of SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) in protein analysis? - ANS Denature non-covalent bonds in a protein Catabolism can be described as a(n): - ANS Exergonic process (breaking down of materials) In the alternation of generations, what do spores directly give rise to? - ANS Gametophyte Which of the following lack a true coelom? - ANS Flatworms Classification system - ANS Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species What is the function of the epiglottis? - ANS Close the trachea when swallowing. What is the role of calcium in muscle cells? - ANS To expose the binding sites on actin filaments Where is ADH stored in the body? - ANS Posterior pituitary All of the following are connective tissues EXCEPT for one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? - ANS Neurons An increase in calcitonin would lead to which of the following? - ANS Stimulate osteoblast activity Which layer of the skin helps the body conserve heat and protects the body from injury by acting as a "shock absorber"? - ANS Subcutaneous layer What process is described by an animal's ability to involuntarily contract a skeletal muscle without receiving a direct signal from the brain? - ANS Reflex arc Which of the following components of the immune system responds to specific antigens? - ANS B cells After ejaculation, what process must sperm undergo before they are competent to fertilize an oocyte? - ANS Capacitation Defects in the ectoderm during development could lead to damage of what organ? - ANS Brain During the mammalian fertilization process, what component of the oocyte is responsible for the binding of the sperm? - ANS Zona pellucida What is the function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology? - ANS Cut up the DNA at specific sequences During which step of translation does translocation occur? - ANS Elongation Assuming independent assortment, how many different gametes can be produced from the genotype AaBbCc? - ANS 8 (use 2^n) Colorblindness, a recessive X-linked trait, is far more common in men than women. Which of the following statements explains this phenomenon? - ANS Men carry no genes for color blindness on their Y chromosome A color blind man without hemophilia (both X-linked traits) marries a woman who is a carrier for both traits. What is the probability they will have a son with both color blindness and hemophilia? Hemophilia and color blindness are unlinked genes. - ANS 1/8 What is the fundamental niche of an organism? - ANS The environmental conditions where an organism can potentially live A population of lions becomes separated by a river. Which process may eventually diverge them into separate species? - ANS Allopatric speciation