PSY 368 Exam 3 Questions with 100% Correct Answers

PSY 368 Exam 3 Questions with 100% Correct Answers To effectively reduce the chances of relapse of depressive symptoms, patients should: - Answer-continue to take tricyclics after they are symptom-free. What are two the key emotions in mood disorders? -Answer-Depression and mania Depression -Answer-Low, sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming Mania -Answer-State of breathless euphoria or frenzied energy UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION -Answer-Only depression, No history of mania BIPOLAR DISORDERS -Answer-Periods of mania alternate with periods of depression Major Depressive Episode -Answer-1. For a 2-week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or a decrease in enjoyment or interest across most activities for the majority of each day. 2. For the same 2 weeks, person also experiences at least three or four of the following symptoms: (Considerable weight change or appetite change, Daily insomnia or hypersomnia, Daily agitation or decrease in motor activity, Daily fatigue or lethargy, Daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, Daily reduction in concentration or decisiveness, Repeated focus on death or suicide, a suicide plan, or a suicide attempt) 3. Significant distress or impairment Major Depressive Disorder -Answer-Presence of a major depressive episode, No pattern of mania or hypomania. More common in lower SES. Mean age of onset is 26 years Persistent Depressive Disorder -Answer-Person experiences the symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder for at least 2 years, During the 2-year period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time, No history of mania or hypomania, Significant distress or impairment. Major Depressive Disorder Subtypes -Answer-seasonal, peripartum, premenstrual dysphoric Seasonal Depressive Disorder -Answer-Onset and remission of depression occurs during certain times of the year, Usually begin in winter and end in spring, Excessive sleep and weight gain, Treated with light therapy Peripartum Depressive Disorder -Answer-Symptoms of peripartum depression begin during pregnancy or up to 4 weeks following childbirth, Associated with dramatic hormonal changes, One episode strongly predicts future episodes with future deliveries PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER -Answer-Symptoms similar to major depressive disorder but occur just before and during menses, Also may experience significant irritability/anger, anxiety/tension, and mood swings, Highly debated whether this should be considered a DSM diagnosis Major Depressive Disorder is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide, affecting about 18% of adults in their lifetime -Answer-True Women are twice as likely to suffer from major depression than men but there are equal rates among boys and girls until adolescence -Answer-True Biological Causes of Depression -Answer-Twin studies and family studies support genetic cause, Dysregulation of serotonin and norepinephrine, Stress hormones, such as cortisol Researchers believe that the brain circuit involved in unipolar depression includes - Answer-Prefrontal cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Brodmann Area 25 Antidepressant drugs -Answer-MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIs), TRICYCLICS, SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIs). Take 2-4 weeks to work, Different side-effect profiles, All are about 65% effective Second-generation antidepressants. -Answer-SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIs) ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) -Answer-Targeted electrical stimulation to the brain to cause a seizure, 6-12 treatments, spaced over 2-4 weeks, Most common side effects are temporary memory loss and short-term confusion Brain stimulation -Answer-VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION, TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION, DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION Psychological Causes of Depression -Answer-Stressful life events commonly precede first episode of depression, Depressed people receive fewer social rewards (behavioral perspective), Learned helplessness, Negative thinking and the cognitive triad What is the behavioral perspective and treatment for psychological causes of depression? -Answer-Depressed people receive fewer social rewards, Treatment focused on behavioral activation Dichotomous or "all or nothing" thinking -Answer-thinking in "all or nothing" terms. If I can't do it perfectly - I should just quit Overgeneralizing -Answer-condemning yourself as a total person on the basis of a single event. "I got a C on a psychology test - I will never be a psychologist" Selective thinking -Answer-concentrating on your weakness and forgetting your strengths. "it does not matter that I am a good singer. I cannot dance or act