CSET Spanish Subtest IV

CSET Spanish Subtest IV CSET Spanish Subtest IV Accommodation - ANS happens when learner has weak identification with own ethnic group, does not regard their ethnic group as inferior to dominant group, finds their position mobile and wishes to move into "out-group" Acculturation - ANS language learner is adapting to new culture - degree to which new language is gained depends on degree to which person integrates self into new culture Additive bilingualism - ANS learn second language with little pressure to replace/remove first Audiolingualism - ANS language learning is made possible by acquiring distinct set of speech habits. Lessons should move from simple to complex linguistics Balanced bilingual - ANS someone who is equally competent in two languages Basic Interpersonal communicative skills - ANS occurs when there are contextual supports and props to support language (functional meaning) Bilingual Dual Coding Model - ANS people have two separate language systems for each language then share a separate non-verbal system that is shared by both Biliteracy - ANS skills in literacy of primary language can be transferred to second language Castaneda v Pickard 1978 - ANS Castaneda argued that Texas school district was violating his children's rights by not offering them bilingual education to help them overcome their language barriers. Decision: district had to provide bilingual education to help students overcome hurdles Circumstantial bilingualism - ANS learning language to survive Codemixing - ANS changing languages at word level Codeswitching - ANS moving back and forth between registers, dialects, or languages. change languages at phrase level Cognitive/academic language proficiency - ANS context reduced situations: pronunciation, grammar, vocab Common underlying proficiency - ANS both languages operate through the same central processing system Communicative sensitivity - ANS awareness of social nature and communicative functions of language (when to use which language, etc.). Allows bilinguals to correct errors faster and understand needs of listener Connectionism - ANS brain is a complex network of links between information, links are strengthened when repetitively activated Construction of Meaning Approach - ANS idea that readers bring their own meaning to text Contrastive Analysis - ANS differences between two languages that might pose problems for the teacher/students - was later found that many errors couldn't be explained through a negative transfer from the first to second language Convergent thinking - ANS IQ tests, force students to converge onto one answer Critical Literacy Approach - ANS literacy can be used to maintain hegemony/control masses and it can also be a liberator Developmental Maintenance and Heritage Language - ANS when children use their home language as a means of instruction with goal of full bilingualism. native language protected and developed alongside English. minority language used 50%+ of the time. Mostly elementary schools Diglossia - ANS two languages in a community discourse competence - ANS ability to use appropriate strategies in constructing texts and spoken discourse Divergent thinking - ANS ability for person to come up with multiple answers to a problem (more creative thinkers) Dual Language education - ANS when equal numbers of minority and majority language students are in the same classroom. aim is to produce balanced bilinguals. language compartmentalization Early exit bilingual education - ANS two years maximum in mother tongue Educate America Act of 1994 - ANS major education reform. set high standards for immigrant communities and continued federal support for bilingual programs. acknowledged benefits of bilingual education Elective bilingualism - ANS majority member learning second language without losing first languages Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 - ANS Ralph Yarborough introduced Bilingual Education Act as an amendment. Enacted in 1968. Indicated that bilingual programs were part of the federal education system. Functional Literacy Approach - ANS simply reading and writing so one can operate in society (usu. low level), reading and writing seen as separate skills Holistic view of bilingualism - ANS bilingual doesn't equal two monolinguals in one person, can't measure against native speaker. Different languages in different contexts Immersion - ANS aim is to be bilingual and bicultural without loss of achievement. form depends on when child begins. Immersion v Submersion - ANS Immersion: optional, thrives on conviction, students generally start with same lack of experience in second language, additive bilingualism. Information processing approach - ANS requires that language sub skills are repeated until they move from being controlled to automatic; difficult to delete. Intake - ANS what is actually assimilated. more important than input Interdependence - ANS second language acquisition depends on the extent to which first language is developed Language achievement - ANS outcome of formal instruction Language Acquisition Device - ANS humans are cognitively wired for language and have universal, abstract nature of rules that underlie competence Language borrowing - ANS foreign words that have become permanent part of recipient language. part of continuum of codeswitching language brokers - ANS people who translate and sometimes transform ideas into socially acceptable terms Language Competence - ANS can be measured in six different ways. need to measure in ways beyond linguistic competence Language competence - ANS inner, mental representation of language Language inputs - ANS type of second language information received when learning language Language interference - ANS pejorative term for borrowing between languages Language loss - ANS decline in speaker's first language proficiency while a second language is being learned Language performance - ANS outward evidence of language competence Language skills - ANS observable, clearly defined components of language Late exit bilingual education - ANS allows around 40% of classroom teaching in the mother tongue until the 6th grade Lau v Nichols 1970 - ANS Chinese student against San Francisco School District, said that students didn't receive equal education when taught in language they don't understand. Result: ESL classes, English tutoring and bilingual education for English Language Learners lexical gaps - ANS refers to those people whose experiences are not well represented by their language and therefore have difficulties expressing their thoughts and feelings verbally Literacy - ANS Receptive skill: reading, Productive skill: writing Literacy - ANS the ability to interact with text in reading or writing in order to produce meaning Mainstream Education (with foreign language teaching) - ANS majority language students learn minority language. works better if there is high incentive (economic, social) for students to learn language Meaningful input - ANS language teaching is about conveying meaning, focus on socially appropriate forms of communication; suggests learners need to identify some of their own errors. Implicit rule formation rather than explicit habit Meaningful output - ANS need to emphasize speaking and writing (ability to communicate with others) in addition to input (listening and reading) in the classroom Mendez v Westminster 1947 - ANS federal case that determined segregation of Mexican and Mexican-American students in Orange County was unconstitutional Metalinguistic awareness - ANS the ability to think about the nature and functions of language Meyer v Nebraska 1923 - ANS Supreme Court declared a state law prohibiting the teaching of a foreign language unconstitutional under 14th Amendment. Found that proficiency in other language was not "injurious to health or morals of child National Defense and Education Act of 1958 - ANS promoted foreign language acquisition due to Cold War; fear that US wouldn't be able to compete in international world Nationality Act of 1906 - ANS required that immigrants learn English non-linguistic outcomes - ANS effect on self-esteem and ego, new cultural reference Oracy - ANS Receptive skill: listening, Productive skill: speaking Partial immersion - ANS apx 50% immersion throughout infant and junior schooling Personal factors in language acquisition - ANS individual characteristics affect language input: ability, aptitude, attitude, motivation Proposition 227 of 1998 - ANS essentially wanted to end bilingual education, only leaving sheltered English programs. Largely decreased enrollment in bilingual education programs, but still some parents/schools could opt in to bilingual Segregationalist - ANS minority language speakers are denied access to programs/schools Semilingual - ANS someone who does not have total competency in either language Separate underlying proficiency - ANS idea that languages constitute two "balloons" in the brain and there's only so much room for both of them. Incorrect - languages share Separatist Education - ANS a language minority separates from the language majority in order to protect their language Sheltered English instruction - ANS students are taught with simplified vocab Simultaneous language acquisition - ANS acquires both languages at the same time and prior to the age of 3 social competence - ANS ability to use particular social strategies to achieve communicative goals, i.e. know when to interrupt, how to initiate conversation sociocultural competence - ANS awareness of sociocultural context in which language concerned is used by native speakers Sociocultural Literacy Approach - ANS ability to develop appropriate cultural meaning from texts sociolinguistic competence - ANS ability to communicate accurately in different contexts strategic competence - ANS ability to use verbal and non-verbal communication strategies to compensate for gaps in language user's knowledge Structured input - ANS language is a matter of habit forming; careful control of input by teacher very important Submersion - ANS minority language student taught entirely in majority language, first language is replaced. Students cannot develop cognitively Submersion with pull-out classes - ANS minority students in submersion programs but are pulled out to have ESL lessons. Students fall behind on classroom content and seen as remedial Subtractive language acquisition - ANS includes pressure to replace or demote first language Threshold theory - ANS idea that the further the child moves to balanced bilingualism, the more likely cognitive advantages exist. 1st threshold: enough proficiency to avoid negative effects. 2nd threshold: enough for advantages to exist Total immersion - ANS starts with 100% immersion in second language, reducing after 2-3 yrs to 80% for next 3-4 yrs, then ending junior schooling with apx. 50% immersion Transitional bilingual education - ANS authorized by Congress in 1978, allowing native language to be used only as much as necessary to develop English skills Transitional Bilingual Education - ANS most supported by VII funds. students are temporarily allowed to use native tongue until they are competent enough to move into mainstream education Translanguaging - ANS hearing/reading a lesson/passage in one language and the development of the work in another. Promotes more thorough understanding Weak Models of Bilingual Education - ANS goal: assimilation. contain bilingual kids but are barely bilingual in nature Whole Language Approach - ANS Literacy: learning to read/write naturally for a purpose, for meaningful communication and for inherent pleasure. Reading and writing seen as connected, demands process of learning is interesting and relevant to student Williams v State of California 2000 - ANS plaintiffs sued the state to complain about appalling conditions of public schools. included specific provisions state better bilingual education instruction was needed. State settled and is making changed throughout the state