PSY 3361 Exam 3 Study Guide (Answered) Verified Solution 100%

PSY 3361 Exam 3 Study Guide (Answered) Verified Solution 100% 1. The interdisciplinary field that studies how people use language to communicate ideas is called: Psycholinguistics 2. Language may be understood at several levels. From smaller unites to larger units, these levels are: Phoneme, morpheme, word, syntax 3. The basic linguistic unit that conveys meaning is the: Morpheme 4. Issues concerning the deep structure of language relate more closely to: The topic of semantic memory 5. In general, the right hemisphere of the brain is more likely than the left hemisphere to emphasize the interpretation of the emotional tone of a message. 6. According to Chomsky's approach to language, ambiguity arises when a surface structure has two different deep structures. 7. Which of the following students provides the best summary of the viewpoint that language is modular? Anthony: "We process language in a different way than we perform other cognitive tasks." 8. In contrast to spoken language, written language is more likely to allow re-scanning of the input. 9. The research on discovering the meaning of a word shows that words that appear in a rich context of cues are easier to understand than words that appear in only one context. 10. Suppose that you ask a stranger what time it is, and he produces several wordy sentences that don't seem to make sense. Without knowing additional information, you would suspect that he has Wernicke's aphasia. 11. The constructionist view of discourse comprehension is most likely to emphasize a character's emotions and motivations. 12. Chapter 9 discussed the connection between working memory and reading. Why would these two skills be related? A good reader can store more items in working memory while trying to understand a complex sentence. 13. Why is a sentence with a nested structure more difficult for readers to understand, compared to a sentence without a nested structure? A sentence with nesting requires readers to store the first part of the sentence until they have processed later parts of the sentence. 14. If you use the direct-access route while reading, you can recognize a word based on the visual stimulus of the letters in a word. 15. According to the current explanation for how we process an ambiguous word, initially activation builds up for the most familiar meanings of a word; then context helps to eliminate the irrelevant meanings. 16. Which of the following research topics would be most likely to emphasize the discourse aspect of language? Under what circumstances will students be able to identify a theme in a short story? 17. According to the introductory discussion of the reading process, reading is a process that relies on a variety of other cognitive skills. 18. One benefit of using an artificial-intelligence approach to studying language is that researchers must state the operations very precisely and objectively. 19. According to the research on test anxiety and reading comprehension, students who are high in test anxiety tend to perform poorly on multiple-choice tests that assess reading comprehension. 20. People are especially likely to draw inferences during reading when readers have a large working-memory capacity. 21. According to the discussion of neurolinguistics, for most people-but not all-language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere of the brain. 22. The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that readers directly connect a written word with the word's meaning. 23. Which of the following students provides the best summary about teaching metacomprehension skills? Souren: "Educators are now developing programs to teach metacomprehension skills to students in middle school." 24. You would be most likely to draw an inference during reading if you have strong metacomprehension skills, rather than weak ones. 25. conclude about the accuracy of speech production? Even high-status speakers may produce a large number of speech errors. 26. According to the discussion of word production in Chapter10, if you try to produce a particular noun, you will often retrieve it more effectively if you make a hand gesture. 27. Imagine that you are about to utter a sentence. If you are currently struggling with the linearization problem, you will have difficulty deciding which words to put first and which to put last. 28. Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of Pennebaker's research on writing about emotional problems? Xiomara: "People who write about their problems are likely to experience improvements in their physical health." 29. Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about the specific kind of discourse known as a narrative? Tonya: "In a narrative, a speaker talks for a while without interruption, in order to describe a series of events." 30. The early research and theory on bilingualism argued that bilingualism produced a cognitive deficit. 31. The term discourse refers to language units that are more than a sentence in length. 32. A 17-year-old camp counselor is trying to teach a new game to 5- and 6-year-olds. He begins by asking, "O.K., do any of you know some games where you look for things that are hidden?" His strategy would be called trying to establish common ground. 33. You are trying to say the phrase "big blue bird," and it comes out "big blue blird." You have made a slip-of-the-tongue. 34. What can we conclude about the comparison between experts and nonexperts, with respect to writing? An expert writer pays more attention to transitions between ideas. 35. In discussing the social aspects of language, psycholinguistics researchers sometimes use a metaphor of two people dancing. Why is this metaphor appropriate? because two people must coordinate their efforts 36. Knowledge of the social rules of language is called pragmatics 37. Compared to writing, speaking is more likely to use relatively simple syntax 38. If you give a friend a fairly lengthy description about how you studied for your last exam, you are producing Discourse 39. Hsi-Yen came to the United States from China when she was 14. Compared to her brother, who was 5 when he arrived, Hsi-Yen is most likely to have difficulty with Phonology 40. What can we conclude about the relationship between attitudes and proficiency in a second language? People who are positive toward speakers of another language are likely to learn that language more quickly than those who are neutral or negative about that group. 41. Suppose that an elementary teacher has two classes, one monolingual and the other bilingual- though their other characteristics are similar. The bilingual class is more likely to have a better understanding of the structure of their first language. 42. One reason that psychologists conduct relatively little research on language production is that it is difficult to manipulate the relevant independent variables. 43. Which of the following people provides the most accurate information on the revision phase of writing? Satyajit: "Students usually spend very little time in revising a paper they have written." 44. A professor looks out at her class and notices that Jackie is falling asleep. She says loudly, "Wouldn't you be more comfortable in your own bed, Jackie?" The professor is using a kind of directive known as an indirect speech act. 45. Which of the following statements about the passive voice is correct? People understand a sentence more quickly if the sentence is active, rather than passive. 46. The discussion of new developments in artificial intelligence pointed out that programs have been designed to understand whether students' essays describe the most important concepts about a topic. 47. The discussion of reading comprehension emphasized that people draw inferences during reading. The research on this topic showed that, when people read a passage that contradicted an inference, they usually noticed the contradiction in all conditions. 48. Imagine that you are reading a short story about two students named Chris and Freddie. As you read this story, you find that you are trying to figure out why Chris is avoiding Freddie, and how Freddie must feel about this avoidance. These cognitive efforts would be most consistent with which of the following views of reading? the constructionist view 49. Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about neurolinguistics research? Laura: "The left hemisphere handles most language tasks, but the right hemisphere processes some abstract components." 50. You hear that a friend works in a "small machinery store," and you do not know whether "small" describes the size of the store or the size of the machinery in the store. This situation is called Ambiguity 51. According to the discussion called, "Psycholinguistics is English-Centered," the emphasis on just one language is unfortunate, because languages can vary in so many ways. 52. The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that speakers use language skillfully, which helps listeners to pay attention to the most important part of a message. 53. When we speak, we need to produce the words one at a time. This aspect of speech production is called Linearization 54. An English professor has just asked the students in his class to revise their term papers. He is likely to find that most students will examine only one sentence at a time, checking spelling and grammar.