Konkurrenceret – Noter
Indholdsfortegnelse
Retskilder (Primærret) .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Hvornår anvendes EU’s konkurrenceregler? .............................................................................................................. 6
Hvornår anvendes den danske konkurrencelov? ....................................................................................................... 7
Konkurrence og velfærd .................................................................................................................................................9
Konkurrencerettens anvendelsesområde ................................................................................................................ 10
Det konkurrenceretlige virksomhedsbegreb ................................................................................................................10
Definition Økonomisk aktivitet:....................................................................................................................................13
Solidaritet .....................................................................................................................................................................14
Løn- og arbejdsforhold .................................................................................................................................................17
Platformsarbejdere ......................................................................................................................................................17
Koncerninterne aftaler .................................................................................................................................................19
Konkurrencerettens koncerns begreb: .........................................................................................................................20
Det Relevante marked: .................................................................................................................................................20
§ Det relevante produktmarked .......................................................................................................................21
§ Det relevante geografiske marked.................................................................................................................22
Konkurrencebegrænsningslæren ............................................................................................................................. 23
Hvad er konkurrencebegræsningslæren?.....................................................................................................................23
Misbrug af dominerende stilling .............................................................................................................................. 23
Betingelser for anvendelse: ..........................................................................................................................................24
Dominerende stilling ....................................................................................................................................................24
Misbrug ........................................................................................................................................................................27
Artikel 102 TEUF ......................................................................................................................................................27
Ekskluderende misbrug ................................................................................................................................................28
Eksklusiv aftaler og rabatter ........................................................................................................................................29
Eksklusiv aftaler: ......................................................................................................................................................29
Rabatter (kundebindinger) ......................................................................................................................................29
Predatory Pricing – kunstigt lave priser .......................................................................................................................30
Rabatter (kundebindinger) ...........................................................................................................................................31
Rabatter - Loyalitetsrabatter .......................................................................................................................................31
Rabatter – Kvantum rabat ...........................................................................................................................................31
Rabatter – ”Andre former”...........................................................................................................................................31
Side 1 af 66
, Koblingssalg .................................................................................................................................................................32
Leveringsnægtelse........................................................................................................................................................33
Leveringsnægtelse – Essential facility doktrin .........................................................................................................34
Margin squeeze ............................................................................................................................................................34
Margin squeeze scenarie.........................................................................................................................................34
Artikel 102 TEUF ......................................................................................................................................................35
Vurdering af urimelige købs- og salgspriser .................................................................................................................35
Mulighed for at forsvare adfærden ..............................................................................................................................35
Retten til at forsvare egne handelsmæssige interesser – Meeting the competition ....................................................36
Objektive nødvendighed ..............................................................................................................................................36
Nødvendighedsforsvar? ...............................................................................................................................................36
Effektivitetsfordele .......................................................................................................................................................37
Forbud mod konkurrencebegrænsende aftaler: ...................................................................................................... 37
Betingelser for anvendelse: ..........................................................................................................................................38
Aftalebegrebet .............................................................................................................................................................38
Hvad er en aftale i henhold til konkurrenceretten? ................................................................................................38
Horisontale aftaler .......................................................................................................................................................39
Vertikale aftaler ...........................................................................................................................................................40
Samordnet praksis........................................................................................................................................................41
Formålsovertrædelser: .................................................................................................................................................43
Hvad er formålsovertrædelser? ..............................................................................................................................43
Vurdering af om der foreligger en formålsovertrædelse ........................................................................................43
Hvad konsekvensen af en formålsovertrædelse? ...................................................................................................44
Eksempler på formålsovertrædelse ........................................................................................................................44
Vurdering af følgeovertrædelser .............................................................................................................................46
Eksempel på sag med følgeovertrædelser ..............................................................................................................46
Individuel fritagelse .................................................................................................................................................48
Gruppefritagelse .....................................................................................................................................................49
Fusionskontrol ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
Hvorfor fusionskontrol?................................................................................................................................................50
Fusionskontrolforordningen .........................................................................................................................................51
Fusionsformer ..............................................................................................................................................................51
EU fusionskontrol .........................................................................................................................................................52
Begrebet fællesskabsdimension ...................................................................................................................................52
Artikel 1, stk. 2 EUMR: .............................................................................................................................................52
Artikel 1, stk. 3 EUMR: .............................................................................................................................................53
Anmeldelsespligt ..........................................................................................................................................................54
Artikel 4 EUMR ........................................................................................................................................................54
Artikel 7 EUMR ........................................................................................................................................................54
Den materielle fusionsvurdering ..................................................................................................................................55
Det kontrafaktiske scenarie.....................................................................................................................................56
Side 2 af 66
,Den formelle administration ................................................................................................................................... 56
Hvornår anvendes EU’s konkurrenceregler? ................................................................................................................56
Handelspåvirkningskriteriet ....................................................................................................................................56
Hvornår anvendes den danske konkurrencelov? ..........................................................................................................58
Den formelle administration ...................................................................................................................................58
Fordeling af kompetencer Rfo 1/2003 .........................................................................................................................59
Leniency og samarbejde ..........................................................................................................................................60
Kommissionens sanktionsbeføjelser.............................................................................................................................61
Bødeansvar for simpelt uagtsomme overtrædelser................................................................................................61
Mulighed for at indbringe Konkurrencerådets afgørelser direkte for domstolene ................................................62
Lempede forældelsesfrister KL § 23 c .....................................................................................................................62
Den digitale økonomi .............................................................................................................................................. 63
Konkurrenceret og digital økonomi..............................................................................................................................63
Hvad er en digital platform?....................................................................................................................................63
Digitale platforme –.................................................................................................................................................63
Forbrugerrelaterede udfordringer ..........................................................................................................................64
Konkurrencen mellem platforme ............................................................................................................................65
Konkurrencen på platformen .......................................................................................................................................65
Behov for ny regulering? ..............................................................................................................................................65
Konkurrencerettens retskilder
1. EU-praksis
2. praksis fra konkurrenceankenævnet
3. tidligere praksis fra konkurrencerådet
4. lovbemærkninger og forarbejder
5. økonomisk teori og økonomiske begreber
6. meddelelser og vejledninger fra EU-kommissionen
7. udenlandsk praksis
Retskilder (Primærret)
Traktatbestemmelser som også finder anvendelse I konkurrenceret:
Artikel 101, stk. 1 TEUF
”Alle aftaler mellem virksomheder, alle vedtagelser inden for sammenslutninger af virksomheder
og alle former for samordnet praksis, der kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, og som
Side 3 af 66
, har til formål eller til følge at hindre, begrænse eller fordreje konkurrencen inden for det indre
marked, er uforenelige med det indre marked og er forbud (…)”
Konkurrenceloven § 6, stk.1
”Det er forbudt for virksomheder m.v. at indgå aftaler, der direkte eller indirekte har til formål
eller til følge at begrænse konkurrencen (…)”
- aftaler begrænser konkurrencen: aftaler som laves mellem virksomhederne indbyrdes.
- den er adresseret til virksomheder
- man skal have en form for aftale
- når man har en aftale der påvirker mellem samhandelen – ikke det samme som EU-ret
- den er implementeret i dansk lov: de er forskel i forhold til grænseoverskridende grænse
Artikel 102 TEUF
”En eller flere virksomheders misbrug af en dominerende stilling på det indre marked eller en
væsentlig del heraf er uforenelig med det indre marked og forbudt, i den udstrækning
samhandelen mellem medlemsstater herved kan påvirkes (…)”
Konkurrenceloven § 11
”Det er forbudt for en eller flere virksomheder m.v. at misbruge en dominerende stilling.”
Fusionsforordningen (Rfo 139/2004)
Konkurrenceloven § 12
”Bestemmelserne i dette kapitel finder anvendelse på fusioner, hvor (…)”
Side 4 af 66
Indholdsfortegnelse
Retskilder (Primærret) .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Hvornår anvendes EU’s konkurrenceregler? .............................................................................................................. 6
Hvornår anvendes den danske konkurrencelov? ....................................................................................................... 7
Konkurrence og velfærd .................................................................................................................................................9
Konkurrencerettens anvendelsesområde ................................................................................................................ 10
Det konkurrenceretlige virksomhedsbegreb ................................................................................................................10
Definition Økonomisk aktivitet:....................................................................................................................................13
Solidaritet .....................................................................................................................................................................14
Løn- og arbejdsforhold .................................................................................................................................................17
Platformsarbejdere ......................................................................................................................................................17
Koncerninterne aftaler .................................................................................................................................................19
Konkurrencerettens koncerns begreb: .........................................................................................................................20
Det Relevante marked: .................................................................................................................................................20
§ Det relevante produktmarked .......................................................................................................................21
§ Det relevante geografiske marked.................................................................................................................22
Konkurrencebegrænsningslæren ............................................................................................................................. 23
Hvad er konkurrencebegræsningslæren?.....................................................................................................................23
Misbrug af dominerende stilling .............................................................................................................................. 23
Betingelser for anvendelse: ..........................................................................................................................................24
Dominerende stilling ....................................................................................................................................................24
Misbrug ........................................................................................................................................................................27
Artikel 102 TEUF ......................................................................................................................................................27
Ekskluderende misbrug ................................................................................................................................................28
Eksklusiv aftaler og rabatter ........................................................................................................................................29
Eksklusiv aftaler: ......................................................................................................................................................29
Rabatter (kundebindinger) ......................................................................................................................................29
Predatory Pricing – kunstigt lave priser .......................................................................................................................30
Rabatter (kundebindinger) ...........................................................................................................................................31
Rabatter - Loyalitetsrabatter .......................................................................................................................................31
Rabatter – Kvantum rabat ...........................................................................................................................................31
Rabatter – ”Andre former”...........................................................................................................................................31
Side 1 af 66
, Koblingssalg .................................................................................................................................................................32
Leveringsnægtelse........................................................................................................................................................33
Leveringsnægtelse – Essential facility doktrin .........................................................................................................34
Margin squeeze ............................................................................................................................................................34
Margin squeeze scenarie.........................................................................................................................................34
Artikel 102 TEUF ......................................................................................................................................................35
Vurdering af urimelige købs- og salgspriser .................................................................................................................35
Mulighed for at forsvare adfærden ..............................................................................................................................35
Retten til at forsvare egne handelsmæssige interesser – Meeting the competition ....................................................36
Objektive nødvendighed ..............................................................................................................................................36
Nødvendighedsforsvar? ...............................................................................................................................................36
Effektivitetsfordele .......................................................................................................................................................37
Forbud mod konkurrencebegrænsende aftaler: ...................................................................................................... 37
Betingelser for anvendelse: ..........................................................................................................................................38
Aftalebegrebet .............................................................................................................................................................38
Hvad er en aftale i henhold til konkurrenceretten? ................................................................................................38
Horisontale aftaler .......................................................................................................................................................39
Vertikale aftaler ...........................................................................................................................................................40
Samordnet praksis........................................................................................................................................................41
Formålsovertrædelser: .................................................................................................................................................43
Hvad er formålsovertrædelser? ..............................................................................................................................43
Vurdering af om der foreligger en formålsovertrædelse ........................................................................................43
Hvad konsekvensen af en formålsovertrædelse? ...................................................................................................44
Eksempler på formålsovertrædelse ........................................................................................................................44
Vurdering af følgeovertrædelser .............................................................................................................................46
Eksempel på sag med følgeovertrædelser ..............................................................................................................46
Individuel fritagelse .................................................................................................................................................48
Gruppefritagelse .....................................................................................................................................................49
Fusionskontrol ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
Hvorfor fusionskontrol?................................................................................................................................................50
Fusionskontrolforordningen .........................................................................................................................................51
Fusionsformer ..............................................................................................................................................................51
EU fusionskontrol .........................................................................................................................................................52
Begrebet fællesskabsdimension ...................................................................................................................................52
Artikel 1, stk. 2 EUMR: .............................................................................................................................................52
Artikel 1, stk. 3 EUMR: .............................................................................................................................................53
Anmeldelsespligt ..........................................................................................................................................................54
Artikel 4 EUMR ........................................................................................................................................................54
Artikel 7 EUMR ........................................................................................................................................................54
Den materielle fusionsvurdering ..................................................................................................................................55
Det kontrafaktiske scenarie.....................................................................................................................................56
Side 2 af 66
,Den formelle administration ................................................................................................................................... 56
Hvornår anvendes EU’s konkurrenceregler? ................................................................................................................56
Handelspåvirkningskriteriet ....................................................................................................................................56
Hvornår anvendes den danske konkurrencelov? ..........................................................................................................58
Den formelle administration ...................................................................................................................................58
Fordeling af kompetencer Rfo 1/2003 .........................................................................................................................59
Leniency og samarbejde ..........................................................................................................................................60
Kommissionens sanktionsbeføjelser.............................................................................................................................61
Bødeansvar for simpelt uagtsomme overtrædelser................................................................................................61
Mulighed for at indbringe Konkurrencerådets afgørelser direkte for domstolene ................................................62
Lempede forældelsesfrister KL § 23 c .....................................................................................................................62
Den digitale økonomi .............................................................................................................................................. 63
Konkurrenceret og digital økonomi..............................................................................................................................63
Hvad er en digital platform?....................................................................................................................................63
Digitale platforme –.................................................................................................................................................63
Forbrugerrelaterede udfordringer ..........................................................................................................................64
Konkurrencen mellem platforme ............................................................................................................................65
Konkurrencen på platformen .......................................................................................................................................65
Behov for ny regulering? ..............................................................................................................................................65
Konkurrencerettens retskilder
1. EU-praksis
2. praksis fra konkurrenceankenævnet
3. tidligere praksis fra konkurrencerådet
4. lovbemærkninger og forarbejder
5. økonomisk teori og økonomiske begreber
6. meddelelser og vejledninger fra EU-kommissionen
7. udenlandsk praksis
Retskilder (Primærret)
Traktatbestemmelser som også finder anvendelse I konkurrenceret:
Artikel 101, stk. 1 TEUF
”Alle aftaler mellem virksomheder, alle vedtagelser inden for sammenslutninger af virksomheder
og alle former for samordnet praksis, der kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, og som
Side 3 af 66
, har til formål eller til følge at hindre, begrænse eller fordreje konkurrencen inden for det indre
marked, er uforenelige med det indre marked og er forbud (…)”
Konkurrenceloven § 6, stk.1
”Det er forbudt for virksomheder m.v. at indgå aftaler, der direkte eller indirekte har til formål
eller til følge at begrænse konkurrencen (…)”
- aftaler begrænser konkurrencen: aftaler som laves mellem virksomhederne indbyrdes.
- den er adresseret til virksomheder
- man skal have en form for aftale
- når man har en aftale der påvirker mellem samhandelen – ikke det samme som EU-ret
- den er implementeret i dansk lov: de er forskel i forhold til grænseoverskridende grænse
Artikel 102 TEUF
”En eller flere virksomheders misbrug af en dominerende stilling på det indre marked eller en
væsentlig del heraf er uforenelig med det indre marked og forbudt, i den udstrækning
samhandelen mellem medlemsstater herved kan påvirkes (…)”
Konkurrenceloven § 11
”Det er forbudt for en eller flere virksomheder m.v. at misbruge en dominerende stilling.”
Fusionsforordningen (Rfo 139/2004)
Konkurrenceloven § 12
”Bestemmelserne i dette kapitel finder anvendelse på fusioner, hvor (…)”
Side 4 af 66
