Physiology - BIO 151 - Lab Exam Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution. 2024.

Physiology - BIO 151 - Lab Exam Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution. 2024. Lab 1 Title Scientific Method What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method? Observation, Generation of Hypothesis, Testing of Hypothesis, Presentation, and analysis of data, Conclusion What is an independent variable - Variable that cant be changed dependent variable what you measure during an experiment - depends on the independent variable/ subject What are controlled variables Other variables/factors that may affect the dependent variables (outcome) Why are control variables necessary so that the effects of the independent variable can truly be tested Which variables will be placed on which axis of the graph? The independent variable will be on the X-axis, the dependent variable will be on the y-axis Lab 2 title Introduction to chemical concepts What were the major concepts viewed in lab 2 -Metric Measurement, Brownian Movement Osmosis, Diffusion, Buffers, Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic Solutions. What is a nanometer, and what is this measurement used for? 1 meter = 1x10^9 = 0. nm (measures atoms) what is a micrometer, and what is this measurement used for? 1 meter = 1x 10^6 = 0.000001 um (measures cells) what is a millimeter, and what is this measurement used for? 1 meter = 1x 10^3mm = 0.001 mm what is a centimeter, and what is this measurement used for? 1 meter = 1x 10^2mm = 0.01 cm What is the Brownian movement, and why is it relevant? atoms, ions, and molecules are in constant motion and colliding with each other, it is the driving force for osmosis and diffusion. What increases the rate of movement of particles? Increase in temperature, or an increase in concentration. What is the difference between a solute and solvent? Solute = a soluble substance (what will be dissolved) Solvent = a liquid (solution) what will dissolve the solute How was Diffusion across a synthetic membrane observed, and what was the outcome? Through the use of a dialysis bag. the bag contained starch solution. the dialysis bag was then weighed and placed in water with iodine potassium iodide drops. after an hour the bag was weighed again. The bag should have increased in weight due to osmosis. However, diffusion should not have occurred. if diffusion had occurred the starch would have leaked from the bag causing the iodine to go blue. what is osmosis The diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane- from an area of low to high concentration (towards a solute). was observed by adding various concentrations of NaCl to sheeps blood what is diffusion The movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration what is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions isotonic = equal amounts of solute inside as outside of the cell hypertonic = more solute on the outside of the cell compared to inside hypotonic = more solute on the inside compared to outside of the cell What is the expected outcome of RBC's when placed in Isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic solutions? Isotonic = healthy, net movement of particles inside and outside of cell (0.9 % NaCl) hypertonic = crenated, cell shrivels up -water rushed out of cell ( 5.0% NaCl) hypotonic = lysed, cell swells up and bursts - water rushes into cell. (0% NaCl) what is the difference between an acid and a base? Acid = substance that releases H+ ions as it dissolves Base = substance that releases OH- ions or absorbs H+ ions as it dissolves. What does a buffer do and what is an example of one? A buffer can either absorb or release H+ ions to maintain pH/ balance changes in pH due to acids or bases being added. Water is a buffer but will become acidic as more acid is added (lower pH). Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a stronger buffer and it will prevent acidity Lab 3 title Digestion of Organic Macromolecules What was the purpose of Lab 3? - To monitor the activity of digestive enzymes, - To evaluate the substrates and products of the reactions catalyzed by digestive enzyme. - To review the function of various enzymes - To evaluate factors that affect the activity of various digestive enzymes. what is a substrate? the substance on which an enzyme acts on what is the function of a digestive enzyme? To lower the activation energy of biological reactions and to hydrolyze covalent bonds of food. (protein) What was used to observe the effects of Salivary Amylase? - Benedict's reagent was used on 6 test tubes, it turns blue when there are no sugars present, and it turns yellow/orange when sugars (di/monosaccharides) are present. - allows us to see if salivary amylase was able to break down polysaccharides. What is the expected outcome of salivary amylase on starch and cellulose? Salivary amylase was expected to break down (hydrolyze) starch into sugars (di/monosaccharides) turning the test tube yellow. It was expected to have no effect on cellulose since it is a polysaccharide and cannot be broken down, the test tube remains blue. what is the function of the enzyme pepsin, and what is its optimum pH? Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides. It has an optimum pH of 2-4 and will work best in that range. normal pH optimum is 6-8 How were the effects of the enzyme Pepsin Observed? Biurets Reagent was used to observe pepsin. - turns blue when there are no proteins/peptides. - turns purple when proteins are present - turns pink when peptides are present What is the expected outcome of Pepsin on effect on proteins? Pepsin will be able to break down proteins when it's in its optimum pH (low pH) and therefore the Biurets reagent will turn pink (peptides will be present). In the test tubes with higher pH the pepsin won't function as well and won't break down the proteins - Biurets reagent will turn purple. The test tube with no protein will turn blue. What is emulsification, and what is an example of an emulsifier? taking fat molecules and breaking them into smaller molecules, enabling them to be grabbed ahold of (speeds up hydrolysis of lipids) - disperses water-insoluble lipids in aqueous solutions. -Bile is an emulsifier. what is released during Hydrolysis of fats? Fatty acids are released - lowering the pH of the solution and making it more acidic. How were the effects of bile and lipase on the digestion of fat observed? phenolphthalein = a pH indicator that is colorless in neutral/ acidic conditions, but pink in presence of a base was added to 3 test tubes along with the cream. If emulsification occurs, the test tubes will go from pink to white ( goes from basic to acidic as hydrolysis of fat occurs.) What was the expected outcome of adding bile and lipase to the cream solutions? - cream and water were expected to stay pink (no emulsification) - Cream and lipase slowly go white (emulsification occurs but slowly) -cream, lipase, and bile quickly go white (emulsification happens fast). What is the title of Lab 4 Cellular Respiration and Glucose Monitoring What was the purpose of lab 4? Part 1: -to demonstrate the fermentation of sugar by yeast - to determine which sugars yeast can ferment and to what extent - to understand the importance of experimental controls - to understand what is meant by controlled variable, independent variable, and dependent variable. Part 2: - To measure the range of blood sugars in the class - To understand what diabetes is and how types 1 and 2 are different - To understand the clinical significance of the various tests for diabetes. What does it mean that yeast is a facultative anaerobe? That they will carry out normal respiration when oxygen is available, but they also have the ability to obtain energy via the process of fermentation when oxygen is not available. How were the effects of yeast on different types of sugars observed? -Through the use of a gas column that will be present in some substances after incubation. -different types of sugars will be placed with yeast and then incubated, after incubation, the amount of gas in the gas column shows how much fermentation took place. - more gas = more fermentation. What types of sugars will react best with yeast? -Glucose, Sucrose, and Fructose are preferred. - artificial sweeteners were not, ( no caloric value) - glucose and other di/monosaccharides will work the best. How does NaF (sodium Fluoride) affect the process of glycolysis -It stops the last step of glycolysis from happening by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes this final step. - it is a non-competitive inhibitor. What are the functions of insulin and glucagin? insulin = lets glucose enter cells glucagon = stimulates glycogenolysis which turns stored glucagon into glucose. What is Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia? - Hypoglycemia = low blood sugar - can be caused by too much insulin - Hyperglycemia = high blood sugar - can be caused by not enough insulin (diabetes) what are the steps to safely test blood glucose? - prepared glucometer -prepared to prick finger (prepare bandaid, prepared sterile lance, clean lance, and finger with alcohol swab) - cleaned finger using a swab - lanced finger -use a glucometer and record the result - place bandaid on finger - remove cap and needle, clean device, put sharps away in the appropriate location What is the effect that time after eating has on glucose? - glucose testing further away from eating a meal = lower glucose levels -glucose testing shortly after eating = higher levels of glucose what is the standard test for testing diabetes? Glucose tolerance Test (GTT) How is a GTT performed? patient fasts overnight, in the morning a pre-prandial blood glucose level is recorded - the individual then consumes a very glucose concentrated solution, and the blood glucose levels are sampled at several intervals for the next 3 hours. How to know if someone is diabetic? in a GTT, after the glucose solution is administered, the patient will not release insulin and blood glucose concentration will increase, whereas in a healthy patient blood glucose will increase and trigger the release of insulin bringing Blood glucose back down. What are normal Blood glucose levels? Normal blood glucose levels are between 3.5 and 7. over 7 is diabetic. What is the difference between type 1 and Type 2 diabetes? Type 1 = insulin isn't produced (born with this) Type 2 = excess fat in diet (insulin system is overworked and can't function properly) What is the purpose of Na+ being added to carbohydrate drinks? - we cannot absorb sugar without the presence of sodium (transports nutrients into cells) What is the purpose of mono/disaccharides in drinks? - monosaccharides are easier to be broken down What is the title of Lab 5 Cranial Nerve and reflex testing What was the purpose of lab 5? Part 1: - review the general functions of the cranial nerves - describe a clinical test for the function of each of the cranial nerves Part 2: - to identify and describe the basic functions of the elements of the reflex arc - to explain why reflex testing is an important part of a physical exam - to describe/discuss several types of reflex activities in this lab - to identify the spinal nerves involves for each of the spinal reflexes investigated in this lab. Part 3: -response time What are the 12 Cranial nerves and their basic functions? 1. olfactory = sensory to smell 2. optic = sensory to vision 3. oculomotor = motor to eye muscles except for superior oblique and lateral rectus 4. trochlear = motor to superior oblique eye muscle 5. trigeminal = sensory to face, motor to muscles of mastication 6. abducent = motor to lateral rectus eye muscle 7. facial = sensory to anterior 2/3 taste and motor to facial expression muscles, parasympathetic to glands of mouth/nose 8. vestibulocochlear - sensory to hearing and balance 9. glossopharyngeal - sensory to posterior 1/3 taste, motor to pharyngeal muscles, parasympathetic to salivary glands 10. Vagus nerve - sensory to the digestive tract, motor to upper digestive tract/ vocal cords, parasympathetic to thoracic/abdominal organs. 11. accessory - motor to sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius. 12. Hypoglossal - motor to tongue and throat muscles. Which Test was performed for each cranial nerve? Test A: Facial Nerve - testing facial expression muscles (wrinkling forehead, closing eyelids, pursing lips, etc.) Test B: Oculomotor Nerve- pupillary constriction, at rest/normal and then after flashing light into the eye. Test C: Olfactory Nerve - block one nostril and sniff coffee grounds