NUSC 1165 Final Exam Study Guide Spring 2024.

NUSC 1165 Final Exam Study Guide Spring 2024. Chapter 1-2:  What are the six classes of nutrients? o Macronutrients: a nutrient needed by the body in large amounts.  Water  Fat  Protein  Carbohydrates o Micronutrients: a nutrient needed by the body in small amounts. Provide no energy. Act as antioxidants, coenzymes, cofactors- necessary for proper metabolism and function of body processes- found in most fresh food o Vitamins : essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body – 13 vitamins; act as coenzymes o Minerals : inorganic molecules; regulate body processes – 16 essential minerals needed (major and trace minerals); act as cofactors o Which ones are energy-yielding?  Fat – 9kcal/ gram  Carbohydrates – 4kcal/ gram  Protein – 4kcal/ gram o What is an essential nutrient?  A nutrient that must be provided in diet because the body either cannot make it or cannot make it in sufficient quantities to satisfy its needs  Protein, water, vitamin D, carbohydrates, Vitamin C, Fat, B Vitamins, Iron  What are the different categories of the DRIs? o DRI (Dietary Reference Intakes): A set of reference values for the intake of energy, nutrients, and food composition that can be used for planning and assessing diets of healthy people  Nutrient Intake Recommendations - Four different sets of reference values:  Estimated Average Requirements (EAR): used to evaluate the nutrient intake of populations – the amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people in the same gender and life-state group  Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA): used for goals for individual intake and to plan or evaluate individual diets – calculated to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in each gender and life-stage group, meets the needs of 97-98% of healthy individuals. (serves as a target for individual intake)  Adequate Intakes (AI): used for goals for individual intake and to plan or evaluate individual diets. Not based on EAR values- based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population  Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL): recommend a limit above which nutrient toxicities are more likely. Maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient that is unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the specified group. Used as a guide for limiting intake when people are planning a diet and evaluating the possibility of overconsumption  Energy Intake Recommendations: 1  Estimated Energy Requirements (EER): Average energy intakes predicted to maintain body weight in healthy individuals – estimate number of calories needed to keep a stable weight in a healthy person  Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR): Ranges of intake for energy-yielding nutrients, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients. Recommendations for the proportions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein that make up a healthy diet (expressed as ranges) – allow flexibility in food choices based on individual preference while still providing a diet that minimizes disease risk. o Which types of DRI standards can be used as a goal for individual intake?  RDAs and AIs can be used as goals for individual intakes  AI should be used as a goal when no RDA exists o What type of DRI standard can be used to evaluate the adequacy of nutrient intake in a population?  EAR- evaluating the adequacy of, and planning for, the nutrient intake of population groups o Which DRI standard can help you determine if a supplement contains a toxic level of a nutrient?  UL- the lowest level of intake that causes adverse effects is determined, and the UL is set far enough below this level that even the most sensitive people in the population are unlikely to be affected o Which groups of people are the DRIs intended for?  Healthy people in the United States and Canada.