PHIL 251 exam 2 Questions and answers, rated A+/ latest Exam prediction paper 2024/25 APPROVED/

PHIL 251 exam 2 Questions and answers, rated A+ (Aristotle) What is virtue in Aristotle's view? What is the function of the human being? - -Virtue is about having good character traits and living a virtuous life. According to Aristotle, the function of the human being is to live a life of reason and to fulfill our potential as rational beings. (Aristotle) What is the relationship between habit and virtue? - -Habit plays a crucial role in the development of virtue. He believed that repeated practice of virtuous actions, we can form virtuous habits. These habits will lead us to become virtuous individuals. (Aristotle) What are the characteristics of the good in Aristotle's view? - -Characteristics of the good are rooted in virtue. It is achieved through the cultivation of virtuous qualities (e.g., kindness, courage) (Aristotle) Explain the Golden Mean with an example. - -The Golden Mean is about finding the right balance between extremes. Example: The balance between recklessness and cowardliness is courage. (Aristotle) Why is being good hard, according to Aristotle? - -Being good requires effort and selfdiscipline; temptations and external influences can often lead us to not be good. (Mill) What is Utility or the Greatest Happiness Principle in Mill's view? - -The idea that actions are morally right if they promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Maximize happiness/pleasure, minimize pain/suffering. (Mill) Explain the difference between higher and lower pleasures. - -Lower pleasures: indulging in superficial desires and are sensory Higher pleasures: bring a deeper sense of happiness and engage our intellectual and moral faculties (higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures) (Mill) What is the difference between happiness and contentment in Mill's view? - -Happiness: broader sense of well-being and fulfillment; happiness is in a deeper sense Contentment: being satisfied with one's current circumstance (temporary pleasure) (Kant) What is good without qualification, in Kant's view, and what constitutes a morally right act? - - That good will is inherently and universally good. An act is morally right based on moral duties rather than outcomes; he believes that we need to treat others as ends in themselves rather than means to an end (Kant) What is duty in Kant's view, and what is its relationship with inclination? - -Duty refers to the moral responsibility that individuals have to act in accordance with moral principles. It is the sense of duty that guides our actions and determines our moral worth. Duty and Inclination relationship for Kant is true moral actions are those performed solely out of a sense of duty, regardless of personal inclination