Organic Chemistry Module 8 Portage 219 Test Exam Finals Questions With 100% Verified Solutions

Organic Chemistry Module 8 Portage 219 TEST EXAM FINALS QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS Polymer - ANSWER large molecule made by repetitive linking of smaller units (monomers) Macromolecule - ANSWER very large molecule composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms (ex: polymer) 1. natural (in nature) 2. synthetic (in lab) - ANSWER two ways polymers are made rubber, carbs: starch & cellulose, proteins, nucleic acids DNA, RNA - ANSWER natural polymers nylon, teflon, styrofoam, polyethylene, Dacron, - ANSWER synthetic polymers 1. method of formation 2. final composition 3. stereochemical orientation - ANSWER 3 main ways to differentiate polymers 1. chain-growth 2. step-growth - ANSWER Two classifications of Synthetic polymers addition polymers - ANSWER chain growth polymers are also know as: made by addition of one monomer unit to another in a repetitive pattern - ANSWER How are chain growth polymers made? chain growth polymerization - ANSWER A polymerization involving sequential addition to monomers that are unsaturated (C=C) or have some other reactive functional groups (particularly ethylene and derivatives) 1. intervention 2. consumption of all available monomers - ANSWER what 2 things stops chain growth polymerization? Teflon - ANSWER chain-growth polymer: polytetrafluoroethylene monomer: F2C=CF2 nonstick coating, goretex, electrical insulator, chem-resistant coating Saran - ANSWER chain-growth polymer: polyvinylidenedichloride monomer: H2C=CCl2 cling-wrap Polypropylene - ANSWER chain-growth polymer: polypropylene monomer: H2C=CHCH3 carpet fibers, car parts, toys, packaging, houseware Orlon, Acrilan, Creslan - ANSWER chain-growth polymer: polyacrylonitrile monomer: H2C=CH(CN) textiles/fibers, carpets, upholstery Polyvinyl Acetate - ANSWER chain-growth polymer: polyvinyl acetate monomer: H2C=CH(OCOCH3) elmers glue, silly putty, latex paints Polyvinyl alcohol - ANSWER chain-growth polymer: polyvinyl alcohol monomer: H2C=CH(OH) eye med- artificial tears Plexiglass (Lucite) - ANSWER chain-growth polymer: polymethylmethacrylate monomer: H2C=C9CH3)COOCH3 clear plastic sheets , blocks, and tubing the final polymer retains all of the atoms of the monomer - ANSWER The defining characteristic of chain-growth polymers step growth polymerization - ANSWER formed by the reaction between 2 different functional groups on different monomer molecules with the accompanying loss of some small molecule (typically water) The final polymer chain does NOT include all the atoms initially present in the monomer molecules - ANSWER The defining characteristic of step-growth polymers condensation polymers - ANSWER step-growth polymers also known as: typically di or polyfunctional - ANSWER functionality of step-growth monomers alternating order in the final polymer chain - ANSWER appearance of monomers in step-growth polymerization by carbon-heteroatom bond formation - ANSWER how step-growth polymers generally grow carbon-carbon bond formation - ANSWER how chain-growth polymers generally grow Polyamide (Nylon) - ANSWER formed by combining 1,6-diaminohexane (amine) with 1,6-hexandioic acid (carboxylic acid) amine functionality reacts with carboxylic acid functionality to form an amide with a corresponding loss of a water molecule cellulose, polypetide chains, beta-Hydroxybutyric acid - ANSWER naturally occurring step-growth/ condensation polymer examples Lexan - ANSWER step-growth polymer: polycarbonate eye glasses, auto parts, drinking glasses Kevlar - ANSWER step-growth polymer: polyamide body armor, tires, helmets Dacron, Mylar - ANSWER step-growth polymer: polyester eletric/thermal insulation, helium balloons, artificial limbs 1. free radical 2. cationic 3. anionic - ANSWER three main mechanisms for addition/ chain-growth polymerization begins by creating a reactive intermediate that starts the chain reaction - ANSWER For all three main addition mechanisms, how does polymerization begin? free-radical addition polymerization - ANSWER a monomer reacts with a free-radical initiator to create a free-radical