Hesi A2 Biology Updated Guide (2024).

Hierarchic Organizational system for nomenclature Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Least) "Keep Penguins Cool Or Find Good Shelter" Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Water All life, and therefore biology , occurs in water. Properties of Water 2 Hydrogen bonds Covalently bonded to Oxygen. Hydrogen Bonding between molecules. - High specific heat - Large bodies or water stabilize climates - Strong cohesive and adhesive properties - Water freezes forms a lattice crystal resulting in ice floating in water. - Polarity of water allows it to act as a universal solvent. - Water can be used to dissolve different solvents. Carbohydrates Long chains, or polymers of sugar. Most importantly form the backbone of DNA and RNA. Saturated Clogs arteries. NO DOUBLE BONDS in their hydrocarbon tail. SOLID @ room temperature. Unsaturated Double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. LIQUID at room temperature. Phospholipids Phosphate group (polar) soluble in water. Hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids is nonpolar and nonsoluble in water. Ex. Cell Membrane Image: Phospholipids Steroids Are lipids, which are precursors to hormones and drugs Proteins They are Polymers of 20 molecules called Amino Acids. Enzymes are a type of protein, which catalyze different reactions or processes. LARGEST Biological Molecule Cell Fundamental unit of biology Prokaryotic Cells NO defined nucleus and NO membrane- bound organelles. Image: Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Membrane-enclosed nucleus and series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the genetic information contained in the nucleus. Nucleus Contains DNA called Chromosomes. Ribosomes Are organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and TRANSLATE the genetic instructions to produce PROTEINS. Bound ribosomes Are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Image: Bound ribosomes Free ribosomes Are found in the cytoplasm Image: Free ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Attached to the nucleur membrane and consists of two continuous parts. Image: Endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER Covered in RIBOSOMES and is responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and membrane production. Image: Rough ER Smooth ER NO ribosomes. It functions in the DETOXification and METABOLISM of multiple molecules. Golgi Apparatus Packaging, processing and shipping. "UPS" Image: Golgi Apparatus