COM 114 Test Out-Purdue University Latest Update Graded A+

COM 114 Test Out-Purdue University Latest Update Graded A+ Clincher The final remark that you will make to your audience Introduction Capture the attention of your audience, establish your credibility, relate the material to your audience, announce the topic of the speech, preview the main points of the speech; makes up 10% of the entire speech Body Supporting evidence and research; makes up 85% of the entire speech Conclusion Restate the thesis, restate the main points, end with a clincher; makes up 5% of the entire speech Asked Question I Don't Know the Answer to Be honest-you may ask if someone in the audience knows the answer or you can get back to them once you've located the information (make sure you contact them or else this could effect your credibility) How Should I Answer the Questions Asked Keep the answers concise and direct, listen to the entire question, repeat each question Transitions Words, phrases, or sentences that show the relationship between ideas in your presentation and allow listeners to follow you easily Main points Important topics to the purpose of the speech (usually two to three) Subpoints Build up, support, and explain the main points of the speech Sub-subpoints Build up, support, and explain the subpoints within the speech Equal Support The ideas that support your main points should be held at equal value Coordination The ideas at the same level of importance should use the same series of symbols and have the same indentation Enhance Credibility Experiences, qualifications, or educational background Cannot Enhance Credibility Offending your audience while making your credibility statement Ethos Appeal that is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader; the extent to which the audience trusts you; for example: I am a doctor and therefore you should trust me when I say this is the best treatment for you Logos Appeal that is a way of persuading an audience by reason; inductive and deductive reasoning; for example: It's nonsense to try drugs if you know they are damaging to your health Pathos Appeal that is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response; for example: You should consider another route home, I heard many gangs come out at night on that street Informatory Presentation Seeks to create awareness of the part of an audience regarding a specific issue Explanatory Presentation Seeks to deepen the audience's understanding; goes beyond making the audience aware of a particular phenomenon and actually create understanding Why are Visual Aids Important Increases clarity and retention, increases effectiveness in both the speaker and the presentation Why are Visual Aids Used by a Speaker The audience's ability to process the information and understand the presented material is greatly enhanced Pie Chart Used when comparing parts of a whole or percentages of the total Bar Chart Used when making comparisons among different types of items to allow for easy visual ranking across items in a category Line Chart Used for comparing charges over time in a set of data to examine trends Straw Person Fallacy when someone ignores or misrepresents a person's actual position and substitutes a weaker, distorted or misrepresented version of that position, thereby making it easier to refute the opponent's position; for example: A biology teachers says all things evolve, a student says humans could not have come from bugs Red Herring Fallacy where an irrelevant topic is inserted into the discussion to divert attention away from the real issue; for example: Mom gets phone bill and you've gone over your limit so you tell her about your math test Slippery Slope Fallacy that asserts that some action will inevitably lead to a chain of events that will end in a certain result; for example: If you allow a student to redo a test, they will want to redo every assignment Ad Hominem Fallacy where irrelevant personal attacks are made against a person or a group to which the person belongs instead of against the argument the person supports; for example: A lawyer attacks the defendant's character instead of what is in question False Analogy Fallacy where one incorrectly assumes that since two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some other; for example: Children are like dogs so they should eat off the floor and visit the vet Directional Transitional phrases that let your audience know that you are moving away from one idea and on to another; for example: Now that we've established the need for fundraising, let's see which course of action will be most effective Signpost Transitions that mark the exact location in the speech; for example: First, second, lastly Internal Preview Transitions that preview material within the body of the presentation or even within a main point; for example: There are a couple points I would like to make here Internal Summary Transitions that remind the audience of what was just covered; for example: To briefly summarize what I just discussed Inoculation Theory A theory that in refuting an argument, those receiving the supporting argument are better able to resist later arguments challenging the truism Vocal Variety Modifying the volume, rate, pitch, and use of pauses in a presentation Eye Contact Ensures that our presentation remains conversational and that members of the audience feel that we are addressing each of them individually Spatial Pattern that demonstrates the relationship between your material geographically or directionally; for example: Fashion trends around the United States Chronological Pattern that arranges material in an ordered sequence, following a time line; for example: Teach audience how to change a tire Problem-Solution Pattern that demonstrates that there is a problem and then centers on explaining a workable solution to the problem; for example: Persuade audience that spam is a problem with a simple solution Topical Pattern that subdivides a topic into a set of main points (subtopics) that are logical and consistent; for example: Inform the audience of a few of the major contributions of the telephone Casual Pattern that establishes a cause-effect relationship between two variables or events; for example: Life's history on Earth is characterized by a series of major extinctions and the cause of these extinctions are large meteors News Presentation that presents interesting information to an audience on a new topic or provides useful information to an audience Persuasive Presentation that changes, creates, or reinforces an attitude, belief, or behavior in an audience Informative Presentation that enhances the understanding of your audience in relation to some important term, object, event, process, and so forth Asynchronous Presentation that can be accessible at any time (web pages, streaming audio or video, multimedia presentations, Twitter, how-to videos) Instructional Presentation that gives audiences directions on performing a particular task Quasi-Scientific Presentation that helps audience attune to important features of the message and help organize the information so that audiences see relationships in the material Impromptu Delivery method that is characterized by little or no time for advanced preparation Manuscript Delivery method that requires that you write out your speech world for world and deliver the presentation by reading it directly Memorized Delivery method that requires that the text of the presentation is written out word for word, and the speech is then delivered from memory Extemporaneous Delivery method that is a prepared and practice method of delivery Adaptors Nonverbal behaviors that reveal things about our internal state and tend to provide comfort when we are in stressful situations; bad habits that should be avoided because they reveal anxiety; for example: Constantly crossing your arms or moving your feet Illustrators Hand or arm gestures that accompany and enhance the verbal message you are delivering; for example: Saying about this big and giving an estimated measurement with your hands Emblems Gestures that can be directly translated into verbal language; for example: Thumbs-up sign Question of Fact Concerned with what is true or false, what happened or did not happen, or what exists or does not exist; for example: Was John driving too fast to control his car or just so quickly that he upset other drivers? Question of Value Argues that positions are good or bad, ethical or unethical, moral or immoral, right or wrong; for example: Does Thomas deserve the death penalty for killing a man? Question of Policy Targets behaviors, or what we should or should not be doing-as an individual, community, or even a nation; for example: Should assisted suicide be legal? To Inform Purpose that describes, explains, or demonstrates something To Persuade Purpose that influences the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of your audience To Entertain Purpose that has the audience, relax, smile, and enjoy the occasion Efficacy The feelings that audience members have in a fear appeal which makes them feel able to perform the recommended responses to the threat that is presented Book Source where you cite the author, his or her credentials, the title, and the date it was published Journal/Magazine Article Source where you include the name and date of the publication and possibly the name of the author Newspaper Source where you include the name and the date of the article Interview Source where you cite the person's name, his or her credentials, and when it took place Website Source where you cite the operator of the site, and the date of any dated material News Release Source where you cite the agency issuing the release and the date it was released Elevator Pitch A concise and well-practiced description of a business venture to a potential investor or a quick summation of what your company makes or does to a possible client A Good Visual Aid Includes One illustrated concept, a maximum of six lines of text (each line limited to six or seven words) A Bad Visual Aid Includes Three or more diagrams, too much text, too many special effects Visual Aid Color Audiences find cool colors such as blue and green more attractive than warm colors such as red, orange, and yellow. DO NOT combine: red/green, brown/green, blue/black, and blue/purple Self-Plagiarism Occurs when an author re-uses previously published material without revealing that it is not new Statistics Evidence consisting of numerical facts that are used to describe a population or event that carry a great deal of power and can be extremely persuasive Testimony Evidence consisting of a quotation or paraphrase from an expert or knowledgeable source used to support an idea or point you are making in a presentation Examples Evidence consisting of stories or narratives that give life to your presentation and personalize your message and your ideas