UTA NURS 5315 Test 1
byproduct of aerobic metabolism - -carbon dioxide (CO2) -what enzyme converts CO2 to Carbonic acid H2CO3 - -carbonic anhydrase -_________ is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism of glucose - -lactic acid -end product of oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids - -sulfuric acid -end product of metabolism of phosphoproteins and ribonucleotides which are used as an energy source - -phosphoric acid -__________ binds with 40% of calcium - -albumin -charge of albumin - -negative -what happens with albumin and calcium in acidotic states - -There is an increased amount of H ions which causes albumin to bind to more H ions and
less calcium ions causing calcium ions to become displaced leading to a higher level of free calcium -what happens with albumin and calcium in alkalotic states - -There is a decreased amount of H ions causing a insufficient amount of H ions to bind with albumin. This causes albumin to bind with more calcium (due to H depletion) and causes a decreased amount of free calcium -When the extracellular fluid volume is expanded it ____________ the reabsorption of HCO3 in the ____________ ___________ - -inhibits; proximal tubule -A deficit in ECF volume results in a __________ in the reabsorption of HCO3 - -increase -What hormone does ECF volume deficit stimulate - -RAAS -How does RAAS affect bicarb - -Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule --> increases HCO3 reabsorption -Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule --> increases HCO3 reabsorption --> what does this cause? - -metabolic alkalosis (contraction alkalosis) secondary to volume depletion- can occur with use of loop/thiazide diuretics -Where does the renal excretion of hydrogen occur? - -distal tubule and collecting ducts -What 2 active transport system are used to secrete H - -H-ATPase and H-K-
ATPase -How do the 2 transport systems move H to be excreted - -move H into the lumen and move potassium from the lumen into the cells -once H is in the lumen what does it bind with? - -monohydrogen phosphate
(HPO4) -what does mono hydrogen phosphate produce - -H2PO4 --> dihydrogen phosphate -once H2P04 is created what can happen with it? - -it can be excreted -what happens to the cell cycle when cancer develops? - -cell life cycle is unregulated and the cells grow and proliferate. cancer cellular division is unregulated and malignant cells can invade local or distant tissues -Are cancer cells specialized? - -No, only normal cells are specialized -Are cancer tumors encapsulated? - -No, only benign tumors are encapsulated. --oma - -benign tumor -Loss of cellular differentiation - -anaplasia -tumors involving epithelial tissues - --carcinoma -glandular epithelial tissue - --adeno -preinvasive carcinoma - -carcinoma in situ -tumors of connective tissue - --sarcoma -malignant tumors of the muscle are named using the specific muscle type and _______ - -sarcoma;myo -malignant tumors of nervous tissue - --blastoma -purpose of proto-oncogenes - -produce proteins which regulate cellular proliferation
byproduct of aerobic metabolism - -carbon dioxide (CO2) -what enzyme converts CO2 to Carbonic acid H2CO3 - -carbonic anhydrase -_________ is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism of glucose - -lactic acid -end product of oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids - -sulfuric acid -end product of metabolism of phosphoproteins and ribonucleotides which are used as an energy source - -phosphoric acid -__________ binds with 40% of calcium - -albumin -charge of albumin - -negative -what happens with albumin and calcium in acidotic states - -There is an increased amount of H ions which causes albumin to bind to more H ions and
less calcium ions causing calcium ions to become displaced leading to a higher level of free calcium -what happens with albumin and calcium in alkalotic states - -There is a decreased amount of H ions causing a insufficient amount of H ions to bind with albumin. This causes albumin to bind with more calcium (due to H depletion) and causes a decreased amount of free calcium -When the extracellular fluid volume is expanded it ____________ the reabsorption of HCO3 in the ____________ ___________ - -inhibits; proximal tubule -A deficit in ECF volume results in a __________ in the reabsorption of HCO3 - -increase -What hormone does ECF volume deficit stimulate - -RAAS -How does RAAS affect bicarb - -Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule --> increases HCO3 reabsorption -Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule --> increases HCO3 reabsorption --> what does this cause? - -metabolic alkalosis (contraction alkalosis) secondary to volume depletion- can occur with use of loop/thiazide diuretics -Where does the renal excretion of hydrogen occur? - -distal tubule and collecting ducts -What 2 active transport system are used to secrete H - -H-ATPase and H-K-
ATPase -How do the 2 transport systems move H to be excreted - -move H into the lumen and move potassium from the lumen into the cells -once H is in the lumen what does it bind with? - -monohydrogen phosphate
(HPO4) -what does mono hydrogen phosphate produce - -H2PO4 --> dihydrogen phosphate -once H2P04 is created what can happen with it? - -it can be excreted -what happens to the cell cycle when cancer develops? - -cell life cycle is unregulated and the cells grow and proliferate. cancer cellular division is unregulated and malignant cells can invade local or distant tissues -Are cancer cells specialized? - -No, only normal cells are specialized -Are cancer tumors encapsulated? - -No, only benign tumors are encapsulated. --oma - -benign tumor -Loss of cellular differentiation - -anaplasia -tumors involving epithelial tissues - --carcinoma -glandular epithelial tissue - --adeno -preinvasive carcinoma - -carcinoma in situ -tumors of connective tissue - --sarcoma -malignant tumors of the muscle are named using the specific muscle type and _______ - -sarcoma;myo -malignant tumors of nervous tissue - --blastoma -purpose of proto-oncogenes - -produce proteins which regulate cellular proliferation
