NRNP 6665 FORM A AND B FINAL EXAM LATEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

NRNP 6665 FORM A AND B FINAL EXAM LATEST 2023- 2024 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1) Question: An illness of symptoms or deficits that affect voluntary motor or sensory functions, which suggest another medical condition but that is judged to be caused by psychological factors because the illness is preceded by conflicts or other stressors in known as which of the following? A. functional neurological symptom disorder 2) Question: A condition characterized by the person giving approximate answers ,with clouding of consciousness, frequently accompaniedby hallucinations or other dissociative,somatoform or conversion symptoms is A. Ganser Syndrome 3) Question: Which of the following can cause delirium? Check all that apply. A. Polypharmacy B. Sleep deprivation 4) Question: Acute withdrawal from alcohol represents which type of clinical problem in psychosomatic medicine? A. Medical complications of psychiatric conditions or treatments 5) Question: The principal theoretician to bring psyche and soma together was which of the following? A. Sigmund Freud 6) Question: Which of the following would not be included in the treatment plan for a patient with illness anxiety disorder? A. Exploratory invasive procedures to obtain diagnosis 7) Question: Which of the following is consistent with current literature about the relationship between obstetrical complications and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)? A. Research proves there is a positive correlation between obstetricalcomplications and ASD 8) Question: The epidemiology related to kleptomania includes which of thefollowing? A. Kleptomania is reported to occur in fewer than 5 percent ofidentified shoplifters. 9) Question: A frontotemporal dementia with onset in the fifth to sixth decade of life, more common in men, marked by personality change and cognitive decline,is known as which of the following? A. Pick’s Disease 10) Question: Which ofthe following demographics are consistent with autismspectrum disorder (ASD) A. Four times more common in boys than girls. 11) Question: The ARNP is working with the family of a patient with Alzheimer’sDisease who keeps stating the family is plotting against her, trying to have her “snuffed out.” The family is distraught because they state they are doing their best to make sure their family member is safe. The ARNP explains which of thefollowing in educating the patient about the patient’s A. The patient is delusional. An estimated 30 to 40 percent of patientswith dementia have delusions 12) Question: Which of the following persons hypothesizedthat the symptomsof conversion disorder reflect unconscious conflict? A. Sigmund Freud 13) Question: Which of the following is consistent within normal rangedevelopmental milestones in adaptive skills for a 4-year-old? A. Toilets self alone; uses fork 14) Question: A temporary marked alteration in the state of consciousness or bythe customary sense of personal identity without the replacement by an alternate sense of identity is known as which of the following? A. Dissociative trance disorder 15) Question: Differential diagnoses to be considered when diagnosing Gansersyndrome include which of the following? A. All the above (organic dementia, depressive pseudodementia,Korsakoff’s syndrome) 16) Question: A patient who has been raped, presents with the inability to recallimportant personal information and any information about the rape, does recall events prior and since. There does not appear to be any physiological reason forthis. This presentation is consistent with which of the following diagnoses? A. Dissociative amnesia 17) Question: Depersonalization can result from which of the followingconditions? Check all that apply. A. Seizure disorders 18) Question: A child who demonstrates repetitive significant violatio ns of social rules and the rights of others over the course of a year would likely be diagnosedwith which of the following diagnoses? A. Conduct Disorder 19) Question: A sudden unexpected purposeful travel away from home with inability to recall all of one’s past accompanied by confusion about personal identity not due to direct effects of a substance or a general medical condition which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning is most specifically known as which of thefollowing? A. Dissociative fugue 20) Question: Which of the following is NOT considered a nonpathological form ofamnesia? A. Generalized Amnesia 21) Question: The diagnosis formerly known as multiple personality disorder isnow known as which of the following? A. Dissociative Identity Disorder 22) Question: A patient presents reporting acute amnesia and fugue episodes inaddition to recurrent blackouts, unexplained possessions, and fluctuations in skills, habits, and knowledge. The ARNP recognizes this is consistent with which of the following? A. Dissociative Identity Disorders 23) Question: Deficits in language including naming, repetitio n, reading and comprehension, and writing is NOT associated with impairment in which of thefollowing regions of the brain? A. Right parietal 24) Question: A major neurocognitive disorder with severe impairment inmemory, judgment, orientation, and cognition is known as which of the following? A. Dementia 25) Question: The patient with an illness anxiety disorder is requesting medication only from the ARNP. The ARNPs response about pharmacotherapy inillness anxiety disorder would include which of the following? A. Pharmacotherapy helps alleviating symptoms but cannot providelasting relief 26) Question: Which of the following is consistent with what is known aboutkleptomania? A. The goal for the person with kleptomania is the act of stealing 27) Question: A type of delirium characterized by cycling through psychomotoragitation and retardation, from apathy to hypervigilance is known as which of the following? A. Mixed delirium 28) Question: Under hypnosis or during psychotherapy, a patient may recover amemory of a painful experience that is etiologically significant. This is known as which of the following? A. Recalled Memory Syndrome 29) Question: Which ofthe following conversion disorder symptoms areassociated with a good prognosis? A. Paralysis and blindness 30) Question: According to the DSM-5 which of the following symptomsdifferentiates illness anxiety disorder from somatic symptom disorder? A. In somatic symptom disorder, persons are primarily concerned withthe idea they are ill, with few or no somatic symptoms. 31) Question: A recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects not neededfor personal use or monetary value is an essential feature of which of the following disorders? A. KLEPTOMANIA 32) Question: Which ofthe following would be a causeof concern for the ARNPworking with parents of a 0–3-month-old? A. The parent becomes upset whenever the baby cries. 33) Question: Identifying developmental milestones is an important skill set forARNPs for which of the following reasons? A. Often developmental milestones go unrecognized until a child is much older. B. Knowing when a significant variation in development has occurred improvesdiagnostic accuracy. C. The sooner a significant developmental impairment is identified andaddressed, the better the long-term outcomes could be for patients. D. All of the above 34) Question: Which ofthe following istrue about compulsions? A. The person feels compelled to act out their pathological behavior. B. Compulsions are usually ego dystonic. C. A and B only 35) Question: The ARNP recognizes which of the following when the 2-month-oldopens her mouth when she sees a bottle. A. The 2-month-old is demonstrating a normal developmental visualmotor skill. 36) Question: The ARNP notices the 6-month-old does not have a spontaneoussmile response and realizes which of the following? A. This is a social/emotional developmental red-flag delay and triggersfurther assessment. 37) Question: Data supports which ofthe following demographics of personswith conversions disorder? A. Conversion disorder is most common among rural people 38) Question: Which of the following is consistent with what is known aboutelectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) use in patients with dissociative identity disorder (DID)? A. ECT is helpful in ameliorating refractory mood disorders and doesnot worsen dissociative memory problems 39) Question: Which of the following conditions associated with childhood arepart of the five conditions which comprise disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders? A. ODD 40) Question: A category of disorders characterized by the inability to resist an intense impulse, drive, or temptation to perform a particular act that is obviouslyharmful to self or others, or both is known as which of the following? A. Disruptive, impulse-control disorders 41) Question: A person reveals to the ARNP that they steal to get the things they want and cannot afford. The person says they just can’t help themselvesbecause they have kleptomania. The ARNP realizes the following: A. The person likely does not have kleptomania because a person withkleptomania is more concerned with the act of stealing rather than the obtaining the object which has been stolen. 42) Question: Which of the following would demonstrate the normal achievement of gross motor developmental milestone for a 6-month-old? A. BRIEFLY SITS ALONE: PIVOTS IN PRONE 43) Question: According to a psychodynamic perspective, depersonalization andderealization are understood as which of the following? A. Traumatic stress response 44) Question: Which of the following is consistent with brainimaging findingsrelated to autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? A. Increased head size and brain volume 45) Question: Which of the following biological factors have been associatedwith kleptomania? Check all that apply. A. Cortical atrophy, brain diseases, mental retardation and enlargedlateral ventricles 46) Question: The symptom of giving approximate answers is known as which ofthe following? A. Paralogia 47) Question: An acute onset, short-term confusion, with changes in cognitionand level of awareness due to a physiological cause is known as which of the following? A. Delirium 48) Question: A dissociative disorder described as an identity disturbance due toprolonged and intense coercive persuasion is known as which of the following? A. Brainwashing 49) Question: The ARNP in working with a parent of a 6-month-old would offerwhich of the following in anticipatory guidance? A. All of the above (give baby much attention, attune to baby’s need for hunger, fatigue, diaper change and provide supervised time forcawing, sitting and rolling) 50) Question: Which of the following are behavioral red flags for a 6–12-year-old? A. None of the above 51) Question: Neuropsychiatric testing is defined as which of the following? A. Standardized quantitative reproducible evaluation of patient’scognitive abilities 52) Question: The term psychosomatic literally refers to which of the following? A. How the mind effects the body 53) Question: Which of the following questions are recommended to assesssexual identity in a male adolescent? A. Do you have, or have you had romantic feelings toward anyone? 54) Question: A tension state that can exist without an action is known as whichof the following? A. An obsession 55) Question: Which of the following diagnostic instruments for autism spectrumdisorder is recommended for universal clinical practice? A. Autism Diagnostic Interview – revised (ADI-R) 56) Question: A new diagnosis in the DSM-5 characterized by persons preoccupied with being sick or developing a disease of some kind is known aswhich of the following? A. Illness anxiety disorder 57) Question: A disorder characterized by 6 or more months of general and nodelusional preoccupations with fears of having a serious disease based on a person’s misinterpretation of bodily symptoms that causes significant distress and impairment in one’s life is A. Somatic symptom disorder 58) Question: A precipitous onset prion disease, with rapid decline, progressingto death within 6 months of onset is known as which of the following? A. Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease 59) Question: A term use to describe a neuro developmental disorder characterized by impairments in reciprocal social communication and a tendencyto engage in repetitive stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests and activitiesis A. Autism Spectrum Disorder 60) Question: Which of the following is an example of a medical complication ofpsychiatric conditions or treatment? A. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome 61) Question: Experiences of depersonalization and derealization are common inwhich of the following patients? A. All of the above (Patients with seizures, migraines or use marijuana) 62) Question: Which of the following shows normal developmental visual motorskill for an 18-month-old? A. Scribbles on own; makes 3-cube tower 63) Question: Deficits in attention and the ability to complete multistep commands are associated with impairment in which of the following regions ofthe brain? A. Prefrontal Cortex 64) Question: Which of the following is not consistent with what is known aboutdepersonalization and derealization? A. Derealization is two to four times more often in men than in women. 65) Question: The second-most common type of dementia caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease with progressive cognitive decline instepwise fashion is known as which of the following? A. Vascular Dementia 66) Question: Which of the following would be a developmental red flag thatwould trigger further assessment for a 2-year-old? A. Cannot use a meaningful two-word phase; lack of empathy (lookingsad if a child cries) 67) Question: Which of the following are included in the clinical features ofanxiety illness disorder? Check all that apply. A. Persons maintain they have a particular disease or as time progresses their belief may transfer to another disease. Preoccupation with illness may or may not interfere with theirinteraction with family, friends, and co-workers. They are often addicted to internet search about their feared illness,inferring the worst from the information. 68) Question: A dementia which usually occurs in the sixth decade of life,characterized by gradual onset and progressive decline without focal neurological deficits is known as which of the following? A. Alzheimer’s Disease 69) Question: Which of the following is true about impulses? Check all thatapply. A. Impulses are usually ego-dystonic, Impulsive behaviors are characterized by their repetitive nature, The repeated acting out ofimpulses leads to psychological impairment 70) Question: Which of the following is consistent with dementia in HIV? A. the individual's decline is progressive in nature with motoric andbehavioral abnormalities. 71) Question: Somatoform disorders represent which type of clinical problem inpsychosomatic Medicine? A. Psychological factors precipitating medical symptoms 72) Question: A type of delirium characterized by psychomotor retardation andapathy is known as which of the following? A. Hypoactive delirium 73) Question: A child 0–3 months would be expected to be able to do which ofthe following? A. All the above (Develop social smile, React, and turn toward sounds.Watch faces, follows objects) 74) Question: The ARNP is meeting with a person who reports a fascination withfire, along with recurrent deliberate and purposeful setting of fires. The ARNP realizes that these behaviors are consistent with which of the following disorders? A. Pyromania 75) Question: Which ofthe following supports a good prognosis for a personwith a conversion disorder? A. Tremors and aphonia 76) Question: Which of the following medications are FDA-approved medicationsfor the treatment of delirium? A. None of the above 77) Question: Depressionsecondaryto interferon treatments represents whichof the following clinical problems in psychosomatic medicine? A. Psychiatric complications of medical conditions or treatment 78) Question: Which of the following is a common visceral symptom ofconversion disorder? A. Diarrhea 79) Question: Which of the following are common disorders that must bedifferentiated from dissociative identity disorder? Check all that apply. A. Amnesic disorders, PTSD, acute stress disorders, malingering andfactitious amnesia 80) Question: In treating a patient with dementia and a co-occurring depression,which of the following symptoms should be treated first? A. Loss of appetite 81) Question: Which of the following is consistent with normal range grossmotor developmental milestones for a 4-year-old? A. Walks downstairs one step to a tread, stands on one foot for 5 to 8seconds 82) Question: Which of the following social interactions indicates progressioninto the normal range, meeting developmental milestones for a 5-year-old? A. Engages in imaginative play 83) Question: Visual hallucinations are associated with impairment in which ofthe following regions of the brain? A. Occipital lobe 84) Question: The ARNP is doing a physical exam on a patient that has a paralyzed hand of unknown etiology in which the patient’s hand is raised and dropped into the patient’s face. Which of the following patient responses supportthe finding of a conversion disorder? A. The patient’s hand falls next to the patient’s face 85) Question: Which of the following are included in the five different milestoneskill areas that should be evaluated? A. All the above (Social/emotional skills. Gross/fine motor skills. Speechand language skills) 86) Question: Which of the following approaches/treatments are recommendedin working with patients with a conversion disorder? A. B and C only (Recommend psychotherapy to focus on issues of stressand coping. Recommend psychoanalysis to explore intrapsychic conflicts) 87) Question: Which of the following adaptive skills are consist with normalrange developmental milestone of an 18-month-old? A. Gets onto a chair; removes garment 88) Question: N-Methyl D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists are used totreat dementia by doing which of the following? A. All the above 89) Question: Which of the following is NOT consistent with what is known aboutintermittent explosive disorder across the lifespan? A. Intermittent explosive disorder typically increases in severitywith the onset of middle age. 90) Question: Which of the following is not consistent with what is known aboutthe epidemiology of dissociative fugue? A. It is more common in men than women 91) Question: A cognitive assessment should include which of the following? A. All the above (Baseline cognitive functioning, Changes frombaseline functioning, Speed of onset of cognitive changes 92) Question: The ARNP notices that a patient with a conversion disorder unable to walk has an inappropriately cavalier attitude toward what seems to be a majorimpairment and recognizes this an associated psychological symptom known as which of the following? A. La belle indifference 93) Question: Which of the following speech and language skills are consistentwith normal developmental milestones of a 3-year-old? A. Uses two-word sentences; understands me and you 94) Question: A patient presents with persistent feelings of detachment from oneself, like watching oneself in a movie. The ARNP recognizes this as which ofthe following? A. Dissociation 95) Question: Schizophrenia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is anexample of which type of clinical problem in psychosomatic medicine? A. Co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions 96) Question: A person erroneously believes they sustained an emotional orphysical trauma in early life is known as which of the following? A. False memory 97) Question: MRI findings in patients with intermittent explosive disorder may reveal changes to which area of the brain that is associated with loss of impulsecontrol? A. Prefrontal cortex 98) Question: The ARNP evaluates a 4-year-old who cannot balance on one footfor 3 seconds, cannot copy a circle and realizes which of the following? A. This is a developmental red flag for a 4-year-old that shouldtrigger a specialized assessment. 99) Question: Which of the following is consistent with what is known abouttreating individuals with kleptomania? A. Insight-oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis have beensuccessful but depend on patients’ motivations. 1) Which of the following would be a developmental red flag that would triggerfurther assessment for a 2-year-old? A. Cannot jump; cannot throw object overhand. B. Cannot use a three-word sentence;speech only 50% understandable C. Cannot use a meaningful two-word phrase; lack of empathy (looking sad if a child cries) D. Never imitates adult activities; cannot do parallel play. 2) Which of the following are included in the clinical features of anxiety illnessdisorder? Check all that apply. A. Persons maintain they have a particular disease or as timeprogresses their belief may transfer to another disease. B. Lab results, lack of progression of the disease, and appropriate reassurances from the provider are helpful treatments for the person with thedisease. C. Preoccupation with illness may or may not interfere with their interactionwith family, friends, and co-workers. D. They are often addicted to internet search about their fearedillness, inferring the worst from the information. 3) A dementia which usually occurs in the sixth decade of life, characterized bygradual onset and progressive decline without focal neurological deficits is known as which of the following? A. HIV dementia B. Vascular dementia C. Lewy-body dementia D. Alzheimer's type dementia(DAT) 4) Which of the following is true about impulses? Check all that apply. A. Impulses are acted upon with the expectation of receivingpleasure B. Impulses are usually egodystonic. C. Impulsive behaviors are characterized by their repetitive nature. D. The repeated acting out of impulses leads to psychologicalimpairment. 5) Which of the following is consistent with dementia in HIV? A. The individual's decline is very slow and may take yearsto progress. B. The individual's decline is progressive in nature with motoric andbehavioral abnormalities. C. The individual's decline is in a stepwise fashion with motoric andbehavioral abnormalities. D. The individual's decline has marked variability and fluctuating motoric andbehavioral abnormalities. 6) Somatoform disorders represent which type of clinical problem inpsychosomatic Medicine? A. Co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions. B. Psychiatric complications of medical conditions and treatments. C. Psychiatric symptoms secondary to a medical condition. D. Psychological factors precipitating medical symptoms. 7) A type of delirium characterized by psychomotor retardation and apathy isknown as which of the following? A. Mixed delirium B. Medical delirium C. Hypoactive delirium D. Hyperactive delirium 8) A child 0-3 months would be expected to be able to do which of thefollowing? A. Develop social smile B. React and turn toward sounds C. Watch faces, follows objects D. All the above 9) The ARNP is meeting with a person who reports a fascination with fire, alongwith recurrent deliberate and purposeful setting of fires. The ARNP realizes that thesebehaviors are consistent with which of the following disorders? A. Pyromania B Obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Intermittent explosive disorder D. Pyrophobia 10) Which ofthe following supports a good prognosisfor a person with aconversion disorder? A. Insidious onset B. Clearly identifiable stressors at time of onset C. Average intelligence D. B and C 11) Which of the following medications are FDA-approved medications forthe treatment of delirium? A. Donepezil B. Galantamine C. Rivastigmine D. None of the above 12) Depression secondary to interferon treatments represents which of thefollowing clinical problems in psychosomatic medicine? A. Psychiatric complications of medical conditions and treatments. B. Psychiatric symptoms secondary to a medical condition. C. Psychological factors precipitating medical symptoms. D. Psychiatric symptoms as a reaction to medical condition or treatments. 13) Which ofthe following is a common visceralsymptomof conversiondisorder? A. Seizures B. Diarrhea C. Paralysis D. Mid-line anesthesia 14) Which of the following are common disorders that must be differentiated from dissociative identity disorder? Check all that apply. A. Perimenstrual disorders B. Posttraumatic stress disorder C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder D. B and C only 15) In treating a patient with dementia and a co-occurring depression,which of the following symptoms should be treated first? A. Insomnia B. Irritability C. Loss of appetite D. Depressed mood 16) Which of the following is consistent with normal range gross motordevelopmental milestones for a 4-year-old? A. Walks downstairs, jumps backwards B. Balances on one foot for 4 seconds, can broad jump 1 foot C. Writes part of name; copies a square. D. Eats independently, unbuttons items 17) Which of the following social interactions indicates progression into thenormal range, meeting developmental milestones for a 5-year-old? A. Shares on own B. Engages in imaginative play C. Group play; has a preferred friend D. Has a group of friends, apologizes for errors 18) Visual hallucinations are associated with impairment in which of thefollowing regions of the brain? A. Occipital B. Temporal C. Left parietal D. Frontal, prefrontal 19) The ARNP is doing a physical exam on a patient that has a paralyzed hand of unknown etiology in which the patient's hand is raised and dropped into the patient'sface. Which of the following patient responses support thefinding of a conversion disorder? A. The patient's hand drops onto the patient's face. B. The patient's hand falls next to the patient's face. C. The patient's hand stays in the air when dropped. D. This would not be an appropriate test for conversion disorder. 20) Which of the following are included in the five different milestone skillareas that should be evaluated? A. Social/emotional skills B. Gross/fine motor skills C. Speech and language skills D. All the above 21) Which of the following approaches/treatments are recommended inworking with patients with a conversion disorder? A. After a very thorough evaluation to r/o any medical cause, tell the patientthat the symptoms are imaginary. B. Recommend psychotherapy to focus on issues ofstress and coping. C. Recommend psychoanalysis to explore intrapsychic conflicts. D. B and C only 22) Which of the following adaptive skills are consist with normal rangedevelopmental milestone of an 18-month-old? A. Bite, chews cookie; looks for fallen item B. Finger feeds items; takes off a hat. C. Gets onto a chair; removes garment D. Opens doorknobs; pulls off pants. 23) N-Methyl D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists are used to treatdementia by doing which of the following? A. Stall the neurodegenerative processes B. Promotes synaptic plasticity C. Prevent over excitation of glutamatereceptors D. All of the above 24) Which of the following is NOT consistent with what is known aboutintermittent explosive disorder acrossthe lifespan? A. Intermittent explosive disorder may appear at any stage of life. B. Intermittent explosive disorder usually appears between late adolescenceand early adulthood. C. Intermittent explosive disorder typically increases in severity withthe onset of middle age. D. The onset of intermittent explosive disorder may be acute or insidious. 25) Which of the following is not consistent with what is known about theepidemiology of dissociative fugue? A. It is usually described in adults. B. It is commonly described in men C. It is more common in women than in men. D. It is more common during natural disasters, war time, or times of majorsocial dislocations and violence. 26) A cognitive assessment should include which of the following? A. Baseline cognitive functioning B. Changes from baseline functioning C Speed of onset of cognitive changes D. All of the above 27) The ARNP notices that a patient with a conversion disorder unable to walk has an inappropriately cavalier attitude toward what seems to be a major impairment and recognizes this an associated psychological symptomknown as which of the following? A. Identification B. Primary gain C. Secondary gain D. La belle indifference 28) Which of the following speech and language skills are consistent withnormal developmental milestones of a 3-year-old? A. Usesthree-word sentences; names bodyparts. B. Uses two-word sentences; understands me and you C. Follows three-step request; tells stories D. Respondsto "why?"; likesrhyming words 29) A patient presents with persistent feelings of detachment from oneself,like watching oneself in a movie. The ARNP recognizes this as which of the following? A. Derealization B. Depersonalization C. Generalized amnesia D. Dissociative identity disorder 30) Schizophrenia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is an exampleof which type of clinical problem in psychosomatic medicine? A. Co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions B. Psychiatric symptoms secondary to a medical condition C. Psychiatric symptoms as a reaction to a medical condition D. Psychiatric complications of medical conditions and treatments 31) A person erroneously believes they sustained an emotional or physicaltrauma in early life is known as which of the following? A. Gansersyndrome B. False memory syndrome C. Factitious dissociative identity disorder D. Imitative dissociative identity disorder 32) MRI findings in patients with intermittent explosive disorder may revealchanges to which area of the brain that is associated with loss of impulse control? A. Cerebellum B. Prefrontal cortex C. Temporal lobe D. Parietal lobe 33) The ARNP evaluates a 4-year-old who cannot balance on one foot for 3seconds, cannot copy a circle and realizes which of the following? A. This is normal for a 4-year-old. B. This is a developmental red flag for a 4-year-old that shouldtrigger a specialized assessment. C. This is a developmental red flag for a 5-year-old so do nothing at this point. D. This is a minor concern, the APRN advises to enroll the child in gymnasticsfor balance and an art class to learn to draw better. 34) Which of the following is consistent with what is known about treatingindividuals with kleptomania? A. Insight-oriented psychotherapy has been shown to be effective regardlessof motivation level of the individual. B. Psychoanalysis is the treatment of choice. C. Behavior therapy including aversion therapy has been reported tobe successful with highly motivated individuals. D. A combination of aversive conditioning and alter social contingencies hasbeen reported successful even when selfmotivation was lacking