Summary NCE Study Notes Latest

NCE Study Notes Latest cognitive dissonance - motivation to reduce discomfort (dissonance) caused by inconsistency in attitude and behavior bystander effect - the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help psycho-social theory - the belief that social interactions are more important than sexual drives in personality development (ex. Erikson's Eight Stages) psychodynamic theory - Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces ego psychologists - believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior Id - a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Erik Erikson - neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" ego - the largely conscious, "executive" part of the personality, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. relativistic thinking - the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer (gray area) Kegan - the model stresses interpersonal development, it is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct realist throughout the life span. Piaget - Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. Piaget - findings based on his own children conservation - the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects concrete operational stage - in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events Lev Vygotsky's Theory - stages unfold due to educational intervention Reversibility - one can undo an action (a glass of water) can return to its initial shape Egocentrism - in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view Kohlberg - 3 levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) Heinz Dilemma - asks a participant to explain why he believes it is better to steal a drug to save a person's life or to obey the law by not stealing the drug (assess person's moral development) Heinz Dilemma - is to Kohlberg's theory as a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered Identity Crisis - (Erikson) state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent's sense of self becomes 'unglued' to achieve a new, more mature sense of self; the stage also involves more identification with peers trust vs. mistrust - Erikson's 1st stage. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met. integrity vs. despair - Erikson's 8th and final stage of psychosocial development is _____. Kohlberg's first stage of moral development - preconventional level is guided by consequences Kohlberg's second stage of moral development - a desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform post conventional morality - has self-imposed morals & ethics zone of proximal development - difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. what they are capable of with a teacher (Vygotsky) Freud & Erikson - could be classified as maturationists DBT (dialectical behavior therapy) - focuses on mindfulness, created by Linehan; useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm and suicide also works with substance abuse issues John Bowlby - bonding and attachment Which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur? - generativity vs stagnation Harry Harlow - experiment on rhesus monkeys, showing the importance of bodily contact; "contact comfort" Males are better than females when performing math calculations is - true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin (sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns than biology). They were only better in highschool and college intimacy vs. isolation - Erikson's 6th stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys - the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother (contact comfort is important in infant's development) Freud's Psychosexual Stages - oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage In adolescence - Males commit suicide more often than females. In the general US population - suicide rates tend to increase with age. The fear of death - is greatest during middle age. In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor - which evolves primarily during the oral stage When comparing girls to boys - girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2, girls are better able to read ppl without verbal cues at any age. The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is - latency (social interests replace sexual interests) In terms of parenting young children - boys are punished more than girls Nature vs. Nurture - Heredity vs. Environment Stage theorists assume - qualitative changes between stages occur development - is a continuous process which begins at conception Development is cephalocaudal - head to foot (head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring and - assumes a normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code Piaget's final stage, formal operational stage. In this stage - abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels. - 6;3 (Preconventional: punishment/obedience orientation & naive hedonism; Conventional: good girl/good boy & authority, law and order; Postconventional: social contract & morality of self-accepted principles) Person who lives by her conscience and universal ethical principles - has reached Kohlberg's highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principals. Freud's Oedipus Complex - is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur; occurs during phallic stage In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as - Electra complex Eleanor Gibson - The "visual cliff" experiment. Showed that depth perception cues are innate. Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as - Empiricists A empiricist view of development - behavioristic Harlow: Frightened monkeys - Ran over and clung to cloth and wire surrogate mothers. Contact was more important than milk and monkeys preferred terry-cloth mothers over wire mothers even when they both dispensed milk An only child - According to Adler's birth order theory, a child who interacts well with adults, but has difficulty sharing and interacting cooperatively with peers is most commonly: