NSG 5003 Midterm Exam Questions With Correct Answers Latest Updated 2024 (GRADED)

NSG 5003 Midterm Exam Questions With Correct Answers Latest Updated 2024 (GRADED) Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process? a. To provide specific responses toward antigens b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury 2. How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance? a. Initiate the complement cascade. c. Secrete mucus. b. Promote phagocytosis. d. Synthesize lysosomes. 3. Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid? a. Optic tears c. Sweat gland perspiration b. Oral saliva d. Sebaceous gland sebum 4. Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy? a. Lactobacillus c. Clostridium difficile b. Candida albicans d. Helicobacter pylori 5. What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? a. Vasodilation of blood vessels c. Endothelial cell contraction b. Increased capillary permeability d. Emigration of neutrophils 6. What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process? a. Vasodilation of blood vessels c. Decreased capillary permeability b. Platelet aggregation d. Endothelial cell contraction 7. Activation of the classical pathway begins with: a. Viruses c. Mast cells b. Antigen-antibody complexes d. Macrophages 8. What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site? a. Complement c. Kinin b. Coagulation d. Fibrinolysis 9. Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? a. Complement cascade c. Kinin system b. Coagulation system d. Immune system 10. What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? a. Platelet adhesion c. Vasodilation b. Initiation of the clotting cascade d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness 11. What is an outcome of the complement cascade? a. Activation of the clotting cascade b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes 12. The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to: a. Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages. b. Process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for acquired immunity. c. Destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms. d. Promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation. 13. In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at which factor? a. XII c. X b. VII d. V 14. Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots, activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor? a. Kallikrein c. Bradykinin b. Histamine d. Plasmin 15. The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by: a. Causing vasodilation around the inflamed area b. Stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area c. Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area d. Producing edema around the inflamed area 16. What affect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have on inflammation? a. Inhibition c. Acceleration b. Activation d. Termination 17. Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what fashion? a. Synergistically c. Antagonistically b. Additively d. Agonistically 18. Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient. c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists. d. Number of mast cells is insufficient. 19. Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and to cause leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells? a. Leukotrienes c. Platelet-activating factor b. Prostaglandin E d. Bradykinin 20. What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)? a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain. b. Increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation. c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever. d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation. 21. What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction c. Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction 22. When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte? a. Monocytes c. Neutrophils b. Eosinophils d. Basophils 23. In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant? a. Neutrophils c. Chemokines b. Monocytes d. Eosinophils 24. In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release: a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation c. Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation d. Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites 25. What is the role of a natural killer (NK) cells? a. Initiation of the complement cascade b. Elimination of malignant cells c. Binding tightly to antigens d. Proliferation after immunization with antigen 26. Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells? a. IL-1 c. TNF- b. IL-10 d. IFN- 27. IFN- is secreted from which cells? a. Virally infected cells c. Macrophages b. Bacterial infected cells d. Mast cells 28. Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic? a. Formation of exudates c. Redness and heat b. Fever and leukocytosis d. Pain and edema 29. The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by: a. Endogenous pyrogens c. Antigen-antibody complexes b. Bacterial endotoxin d. Exogenous pyrogens 30. What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage? a. Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces destroyed tissue. b. Regeneration occurs; the original tissue is replaced. c. Resolution occurs; tissue is regenerated. EMAIL ME: d. Epithelialization replaces destroyed tissue. 31. The role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to: a. Generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the wound. b. Establish connections between neighboring cells and contract their fibers. c. Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins. d. Provide enzymes that débride the wound bed of dead cells. 32. A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response? a. Epithelialization c. Collagen matrix assembly b. Contraction d. Maturation 33. Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by epithelialization? a. Normal saline c. Hydrogen peroxide b. Povidone-iodine d. Dakin solution 34. Many neonates have a transient depressed inflammatory response as a result of which condition? a. The circulatory system is too immature to perfuse tissues adequately. b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient. c. Mast cells are lacking. d. The respiratory system is too immature to deliver oxygen to tissues. 35. During phagocytosis, what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization? a. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria. b. Microorganisms are ingested. c. Microorganisms are killed and digested. d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. 36. Fusion is the step in phagocytosis during which: a. Microorganisms are killed and digested. b. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. c. Lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte. d. Microorganisms are ingested. 37. During the process of endocytosis, the phagosome step results in: a. Microorganisms are ingested. b. Microorganisms are killed and digested. c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria. d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. 38. When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, the process of returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as: a. Restoration c. Regrowth b. Resolution d. Replacement 39. Newborns often have deficiencies in collectin-like proteins, making them more susceptible to what type of infection? a. Cardiac c. Respiratory