CMAN 380 Final Exam Study Guide with complete solution

CMAN 380 Final Exam Study Guide with complete solution goal of epidemiology` - Answer ️️ -to improve health outcomes in a population rate - Answer ️️ -number of events/populations at risk x 100,000 incidence - Answer ️️ -number of new cases of an illness/injury that occurs within a specific time prevalence - Answer ️️ -measures all of the existing cases at a given point in time prospective study - Answer ️️ -establishes a causal association and a temporal relationship, all subjects are free of disease, data is collected over time retrospective study - Answer ️️ -does NOT establish a causal association, investigators go back in time to study a population that was at risk (subjects have already has the illness/injury) confounding factor - Answer ️️ -variable that effects both the exposure and the outcome; must be identifiable to account for what may impact the direct and indirect variables evidenced based research - Answer ️️ -taking findings from studies and implementing them into practice pathogenesis - Answer ️️ -how an infection or disease develops in the body/chain of events leading to the disease tuberculosis transmission - Answer ️️ -droplet nuclei (airborne) latent TB - Answer ️️ -occurs when the tubercle bacilli are in the body but the immune system is keeping them under control active TB - Answer ️️ -develops when the immune system cannot keep tubercle bacilli under control conditions that increase the probability of a person with latent TB to develop active TB - Answer ️️ -- HIV - substance abuse - recent TB infection - prolonged corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy - organ transplant - silicosis - diabetes mellitus - severe kidney disease - certain types of cancer - certain intestinal conditions - low body weight the ways in a person infected with HIV can develop TB - Answer ️️ -1. person with latent TB contracts HIV and in turn develops active TB as a result of a weakened immune system 2. a person with HIV becomes infected with TB and rapidly develops active TB pulmonary TB - Answer ️️ -tubercle bacilli are located in the lungs extrapulmonary TB - Answer ️️ -tubercle bacilli are located in areas of the body that are not the lungs military TB - Answer ️️ -tubercle bacilli is carried to all parts of the body via bloodstream populations more susceptible to extrapulmonary TB - Answer ️️ -- HIV patients - immunosuppressed patients - young children high risk groups for developing TB - Answer ️️ -- foreign born/immigrants - Eastern European, Latin America - low income and homeless - congregate and residential settings i.e. nursing homes, correctional facilities, healthcare facilities, homeless shelters, drug treatment centers TB symptoms - Answer ️️ -- unexplained weigh