BCNS Super Study Set UPDATED Questions With 100% Complete Solutions

BCNS Super Study Set UPDATED Questions With 100% Complete Solutions Examples of dietary nutrients that are absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include: amino acids,medium-chain fatty acids, monosaccharides The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is: progesterone The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of: chylomicrons The product of enterokinase reaction is: trypsin Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier: transferrin The organs most active in the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol are the liver and the: adrenal glands Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is: a nonabsorbable laxative digested dietary protein is absorbed primarily in the: jejunum The jejunum is the middle segment of the small intestine found between the duodenum and the ileum. Most of the nutrients present in food are absorbed by the jejunum before being passed on to the ileum for further absorption. Monosaccharides are transported across the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by the process of: facilitated diffusion If a bolus containing 600mOsm/L enters the jejunum, the net direction of fluid movement in the intestinal tract will be: from the circulation to the intestinal lumen Excessive production of gas within the intestines may be caused by excessive colonic bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed: carbohydrates A major intracellular antioxidant is the nutrient: glutathione A required prerequisite to the digestion of proteins is the HCl-dependent process called: denaturation The true digestibility of dietary fatty acids is: 95% The structures of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid differ in their: numbers of double bonds An example of a compound that is not considered to be a component of dietary fiber is: amylose Dietary fats and oils primarily are composed of: triglycerides A nutrient is considered to be conditionally essential when: its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs Vitamin reserves can become depleted because all vitamins are: essential nutrients The process of adding a nutrient ot manufactured foods as a public health measure is called: foritification Food additives can be used: as effective preservatives Nutrification is the addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group Ketones result from the metabolism of: fatty acids The plasmalemma does not incorporate: vitamin A The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called: aplasia Glutamine is the primary energy source for the: small intestine The metabolic effects of insulin include stimulation of: myocyte amino acid uptake The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is: secondary hyperparathyroidism Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) refers to the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and associated hyperplasia of the glands. This disorder is especially seen in patients with chronic kidney failure. Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to: bile acids Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid: valine Copper is a component of: ceruloplasmin The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins: thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of: oxidation of amino acids During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is: fatty acids A set of 150 observations has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.5. The 95% confidence limits of the mean can be calculated by solving the formula: 95% CL=5+/- (1.96)[(1.5^2)/150]^(1/2) A cross-sectional study compared cardiovascular risk factors and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 400 sedentary (SED) and 400 resistance trained (RT) young women. The measured RMR were 4.31 +/- 0.06 kJ/min and 3.99 +/- 0.05 kJ/min, respectively. The valid interpretation of the RMR data is that: RMRsed and RMRrt are significantly different (p0.05) The phrase 'p.05' should be interpreted to mean that: the probability of the same result occurring by random chance is 5% The relationship be tween 2 correlated variables is: mathematical Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach for systematically combining the results of previous, non-definitive research in order to: allow a conclusion to be drawn The most difficult challenge facing a nutritionist or nutrition counselor is to: motivate behavior modification Dysgeusia may result from a dietary deficiency of the nutrient: zinc Pantothenic acid is a component of: coenzyme A Selenium deficiency has been implicated in the development of: subclinical hypothyroidism The dietary fatty acid considered to be essential in the diet of humans is: linoleic acid Iron is absorbed in the small intesting in the form of: ferrous iron The risk of congential microencephaly increases during pregnancy when habitual intake of pre-formed vitamin A exceed the RDA for vitamin A by: 5-fold Vitamin C, vitamin E, and B-carotene may exert cardioprotective effects by: inhibiting the oxidation of LDL Signs of a deficiency in essential fatty acids include: dull skin and dandruff The form in which fatty acids usually are found in food is as: triglycerides A dietary source of omega-3 essential fatty acids is: flax oil The disease associated with deficiency of vitamin B1 is known as: beri-beri Polyneuropathy may accompany chronic consumption of large amounts of: alcohol Of beef, bacon, salmon, and broccoli, the food source with the greates nutrient density (g per 100 Kcal) for fat is: bacon Chromium influences plasma glucose concentrations by stimulating: myocyte sodium-glucose transport Most vegetables are generally considered to be nutritionally inferior to most animal proteins because typically they contain: fewer essential amino acids Two vitamins which are very toxic when ingested in amounts 10-fold or more greater than the current USRDA are: vitamin A and vitamin D An early indicator of impending selenosis is: garlic odor of breath The consumption of 1750 excess Kcal will result in the deposition of new body fat weighing: 227g --- 1,750 kcal is 1/2 of 3,500 (=1 lb); 1,750 = 0.5 lbs 454g = 1 lb, so 227g would equal 0.5 lbs Iron in foods in primarily in the form of: ferous iron Most of the activated folic acid in the human body is in the form of: methyltetrahydrofolic acid A good dietary source of riboflavin is: steak Among the foods beef, bacon, fish, and spinach, the food source with the greatest nutrient density (mg per 100 Kcal) for iron is: spinach Among the following foods, the nutrient density of vitamin D is greates in: salmon The best source of supplemental calcium for an elderly woman with hypochlorhydria is: calcium citrate Excessive consumption of dietary fiber impaires the bioavailability of: zinc Cruciferous vegetables lack: highly bioavailable calcium The vitamin K content of human breast milk is: low 25-OHD3 is converted to 1,25(OH)2D3 by: renal cells Daily consumption of 50 Kcal of excess dietary energy for a year will produce a weight gain of: 4-5 pounds Skeletal manifestations of hypervitaminosis A include osteonecrosis Selenium is a required cofactor for: NADP reductase Vitamin E deficiency in humans commonly results in: neurological dysfunction Quercitin protects ascorbic acid from: oxidation Flavonoids are: lipid miscible Dietary proteins are of high biological value when they are obtained from: eggs, chicken meats and cheddar cheese The dietary change that is the most effective in contributing to a decrease in serum total cholesterol concentration is: a decrease in saturated fat intake The USDA 'food pyramid' does not recommend: up to 5 meat servings daily The protein intake standard the USRDA uses to reflect protein quality is the: protein efficiency ratio The biological value of food proteins can be enhanced by: combining them with complementary food proteins Intake of chromium below 30 micrograms a day has been associated with decreased: skeletal mass The daily calcium requirements of postmenopausal women who are not receiving estrogen replacement therapy are approximately: 1,500mg of calcium as calcium carbonate The daily calcium requirements of postmenopausal women who are not receiving estrogen replacement therapy can be met by the daily consumption of: five (5) cups of skim milk Reduced consumption of salt and salty food may: reduce blood volume and blood pressure The quality of foods voluntarily selected by a population or group is not likely to be improved by: changes in guidelines In men between the ages of 25 and 75, average daily iron needs generally: remain the same During the past 50 years, the average total caloric intake among infants in the United States: has increased Aging is associated with several changes in metabolism, including: decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and increased fat deposition An exercise program combining aerobic and strength exercises will increase metabolic rate by about: 10% or less Prior to becoming pregnant, women can reduce the risk of giving birth to offspring with neural tube defects by eating more foods rich in: folate Compared to his peers, a healthy 15-year old male who is a competitive weight lifter should consume more protein and more: carbohydrates Avoidance of foods of animal origin requires dietary proteins to be: balanced in their essential amino acid composition A vegetarian who ingests no animal products whatsoever is most at risk for developing a deficiency of: vitamin B12, riboflavin, and zinc Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy usually results from a deficiency of: folacin During gestation, dietary requirements are increased for: thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin During gestation, the fetus receives nourishment primarily from: the placental circulation Compared to commercial infant formulas, human milk has a greater concentration of: cholesterol An infant should be introduced to new foods one at a time because: any subsequent allergic reaction can be associated with the triggering food The most serious consequence of feeding 'double-strength' formula to an infant is likely to be: dehydration The best predictor of energy needs during adolescence is: increase in height Some nutrients requirements are greater during lactation than during pregnancy; however, the requirements are the same for: calcium and iron Weight loss in obese persons is associated with increased risk for: gallstones The caloric equivalent of one gram of lean tissue is approximately: 1 Kcal To maintain basic hydration, an elderly individual must consume at least: 8 cups of fluid per day In order to maximize the health of her fetus, a woman in her sixth month of pregnancy should supplement her diet with additional: calories and iron The fetus acquires most of its calcium during: the third trimester Compared to the requirements of a non pregnant adult woman, the dietary requirements for several vitamins are increased during gestation; among these are the requirements for: thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin A woman who is overweight or obese at the time of conception should modify her diet to reduce her weight: after parturition Among the members of the following ethnic group, hypertensive individuals usually are salt-sensitive: elderly African-Americans Data supporting the hypothesis that dietary composition influences the development of cancer include observations that: cruciferous vegetables may protect against tumorigenesis Diet assessment of a population can be used to: determine general characteristics As a public health measure, chicken is packed in ice to prevent: salmonella food poisioning Reheating potentially hazardous foods that have been cooked and then refrigerated must be performed with: rapid reheating devices The microorganism most likely to be responsible for foodborne illness after the ingestion of raw seafood is a special belonging to the genus: vibrio The minimize the risk of foodborne illness, the maximum number of days for which poultry should be refrigerated is: three (3) In order to prevent trichinosis, the internal temperature of pork during cooking should reach at least: 170 degrees F An approximate doubling of the growth rate of bacteria contaminating food will occur when the temperature changes from: 27 degrees F to 37 degrees F Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) programs are designed to minimize the risk of food contamination by: emphasizing events at selected processing steps Use of a thiazide diuretic drug may produce a low plasma concentration of: potassium Intestinal absorption of dietary iron may be enhanced by concurrent ingestion of: ascorbic acid Dietary intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin are related to the intake of: calories Pharmacological agenst used in chemotherapy can cause adverse gastrointestinal reactions because these agents: alter normal mucosal cell proliferation Individuals taking anticonvulsant medications may develop depleted reserves of: folate and vitamin D Altered metabolism of pyridoxine in chronic alcoholism results from: increased aldehyde oxidase activity Insulin sensitivity may be enhanced by supplementation with: chromium picolinate To decrease the Respiratory Quotient (RQ), one should replace dietary: carbohydrate with fat Initial advice for a lactose-intolerant postmenopausal woman with a history of kidney stones and subnormal spinal BMD should be: dietary supplementation with magnesium Dietary modification is the primary therapeutic approach in: diabetes Children with cystic fibrosis are not likely to be able to absorb large amounts of: