NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam Questions With Answers Latest Updated 2024 (GRADED)

NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam Questions With Answers Latest Updated 2024 (GRADED) Define the following terms: i. neoplasm: A neoplasm or tumor is a cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal body controls. Cells continue to reproduce when there is no need for them. This excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients. Many neoplasms are unable to function as normal tissue cells because they consist of atypical (abnormal) or immature cells. ii. benign: Benign tumors usually consist of differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher-than-normal rate. The benign tumor is often encapsulated and expands but does not spread. It is usually freely moveable on palpation. Tissue damage results from compression of adjacent structures such as blood vessels. A benign tumor is not considered life threatening unless it is in an area such as the brain where the pressure effects can become critical. iii. malignant: Malignant tumors are usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not appear organized. The cells tend to reproduce more rapidly than normal and often show abnormal mitotic figures. These cells have lost cellular connections with each other, and reproduction is not inhibited in the presence of other similar cells. Tumor cells infiltrate or spread into surrounding tissue and may easily metastasize or break away to spread to other organs and tissues iv. carcinoma: malignant tumor of epithelial tissue v. sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective tissue vi. anaplasia: A grade IV tumor that is undifferentiated with cells varying in size and shape (anaplasia); this type of tumor is considered highly malignant and likely to progress quickly. 2. Name three specific pathophysiologic changes that occur in the formation of malignant tumors.  Cells have altered genetics leading to initial immune response  Inner cells may die (necrosis) leading to further local inflammation and infection  Some secrete growth factors that stimulate blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) 3. Identify the correct nomenclature for both benign and malignant tumors in the following tissues/organs: Benign Tumor Malignant Tumor Pancreas Islet celladenoma, insulinoma, gastrinoma Islet cell carcinoma Fat Lipoma Liposarcoma Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma Liver Adenoma Adenocarcinoma Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma Skin Lipomas, hemangiomas, moles, warts Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma 4. Compare and contrast benign and malignant tumors using the following chart: Benign Tumors Malignant Tumor Cells Similar to normal cells Differentiated Mitosis fairly normal Varied in size/shape with large nuclei Many undifferentiated Mitosis increased & atypical Growth Relatively slow Expanding mass Frequently encapsulated Rapid growth Cells not adhesive, infiltrate tissue No capsule Spread Remains localized Invades nearby tissues or metastasizes to distant sites thru blood & lymph vessels Systemic effects Rare Often present General prognosis Not life threatening unless in certain locations such as brain Life threatening by tissue destructions and spread of tumors 5. Identify the warning signs of cancer.  Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body  Change in bowel or bladder habits  A change in a wart or mole  A sore that does not heal  Unexplained weight loss  Anemia or low hemoglobin and persistent fatigue  Persistent cough or hoarseness without reason 6. A tumor is a space-occupying mass that produces predictable local effects as it enlarges. Describe the consequences that could result from the following effects: i. compression of blood vessels: ischemia, necrosis, and areas of inflammation around the tumor; potential for infection ii. compression or obstruction of a tube or duct: blockage of secretion or normal flow of air (bronchi), food (GI tract), blood, or lymph de- pending on location iii. compression of nerves: pain and loss of function iv. erosion of blood vessels and other structures: hemorrhage, inflammation, necrosis v. invasion and replacement of normal tissue: loss of normal tissue function