Pathophysiology NR507 Endo Latest Update Graded A+

Pathophysiology NR507 Endo Latest Update Graded A+ What does the endocrine system do? controls body functions and responses through the regulation of a variety of hormones What is the purpose of endocrine glands? located throughout the body and secrete hormones directly into the blood or at the site of the effector organ they control The level of T3 and T4 in the blood is monitored by what? The hypothalamus How does a negative feedback loop function? The endocrine gland monitors the levels in the blood and if the level is low, the organ will release a hormone targeting the end organ to increase or decrease the hormones Negative feedback loops move the body towards homeostasis Positive feedback loops move the body away from homeostasis; an example of this would be an initiation of labor during childbirth Describe hormones Either water-soluble or lipid soluble How are water soluble hormones able to diffuse across the target cell membrane? Second messenger signaling The pituitary gland responds to what? Hormones released by the hypothalamus The problems associated with the endocrine system may occur because of... alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary system or because of alterations in the specific target organs What are some common disorders associated with dysfunction of the posterior pituitary Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) secretion and Diabetes Insipidus (DI) In SIADH, the body secretes large amounts of ______, which results in _____________. ADH; water retention throughout the body In DI, the individual experiences __________. What is the end result? an insufficient amount of ADH The inability to concentrate urine and the production of copious amounts of dilute urine How is thyroid function monitored? Through laboratory tests, such has testing the hormones T3 and T4 and TSH Where is the dysfunction if the thyroid hormone level is low as well as the TSH level? Hypothalamic-pituitary issue resulting in a lack of stimulation of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones What if the thyroid hormone level and TSH level are high? The issue is most likely related to a thyroid gland that is not responding appropriately to TSH (hypothyroidism) What are some signs and symptoms of the hypo function of the thyroid? Loss of hair Coarse, brittle hair Periorbital edema Puffy face Normal/small thyroid Heart failure (bradycardia) Constipation Cold intolerance Muscle weakness Edema of the extremities What are some signs and symptoms of the hyper function of the thyroid? Thin hair Exophthalmos Enlarged thyroid Heart failure Weight loss Diarrhea Warm skin, sweaty palms Hyperreflexia Pretibial edema What is primary hyperparathyroidism caused by? Most often caused by a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland, but carcinoma must also be ruled out What is the result of primary hyperparathyroidism and what are the classic signs? Excess production of parathyroid hormone by one or more of the four parathyroid glands. Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia are hallmark signs What is secondary hyperparathyroidism the result of and what are the signs? Renal failure and results in hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia What kind of gland is the pancreas? Endocrine and exocrine gland Discuss beta cells in the pancreas Produce insulin and dysfunction can cause diabetes mellitus What is a difference between Type I and Type II DM? Type II DM results in either hypoinsulinemia or hyperinsulinemia, but Type I DM only results in hypoinsulinemia Both Types I and II DM can be caused by... a lack of endogenous insulin What happens when a lack of endogenous insulin occurs? there isn't adequate insulin to mobilize blood glucose into the cells of the body and the result is hyperglycemia ______________ makes the body less responsive to the endogenous insulin secreted by the pancreas as well as exogenous insulin administered Insulin resistance What is the result of insulin resistance diabetes? An increased need for insulin to produce the same level of blood glucose control as the patient gains weight What are ketones? A by-product of fat catabolism What if the level of insulin deficiency is less severe? The body may be able to prevent the lipolysis of fats, preventing the formation of ketones and creating Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma (HHNK) The adrenal glands secrete a variety of hormones with the adrenal cortex responsible for __________, which can lead to either Cushing's (hyperfunction) or Addison's (hypofunction) disease Cortisol What does the adrenal medulla produce? Catecholamines What is the most common disorder of the adrenal medulla? Pheochromocytoma, which is usually a benign tumor that secretes catecholamines that can cause extreme hypertensive crisis What are some causes of simple intestinal obstruction? Adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine When does functional intestinal obstruction occur? A lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic ileus What is the pathology for GI ulcers? There is a loss of the protective mucosal barrier of the GI tract that occurs from either acute or chronic injury What are the majority of GI ulcers caused by and the treatment? Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and the mainstay of treatment now includes antibiotics