FNDH 400 Exam 1

What is a macronutrient? - correct answer -Larger amounts needed in the body Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Water Carbohydrates are composed of - correct answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hoc) Proteins are composed of - correct answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (noch) Lipids are composed of - correct answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hoc) Water is composed of - correct answer hydrogen and oxygen What is a micronutrient? - correct answer Smaller amounts needed in the body Vitamins Minerals Vitamins are composed of - correct answer compounds Minerals are composed of - correct answer Elements What is a calorie? - correct answer Known to the general public as calorie however it is a kilocalorie or kcal energy needed to raise 1kg of water 1 degree Celsius determined by using a bomb calorimeter What nutrients provide energy and how much? - correct answer • Carbs 4 kcal/g • Protein 4 kcal/g • Lipids 9 kcal/g • Alcohol 7 kcal/g Is alcohol a nutrient? - correct answer No Do vitamins, minerals, or water provide energy? - correct answer no What are functional foods? - correct answer Provide health benefits beyond traditional nutrients What are phytochemicals? - correct answer come from plants (phyto) that are believed to provide health benefits beyond the traditional nutrients. What are zoochemicals? - correct answer come from animal equivalent of phytochemicals in plants. What is a cross-sectional study? - correct answer Compares two or more populations at the same point in time "snapshot". Based on group outcomes only. Ex: French paradox What is a case-control study? - correct answer Looks at groups of cases vs. controls and compares their exposure to a certain health condition. It is retrospective, utilizing food frequency questionnaires and food recalls. What is a Cohort study? - correct answer Looks at a group of subjects and measure their baseline through food frequency questionnaires. They start with different exposure levels to certain eating or lifestyle, then are followed for a period of time to see if a disease develops. In vitro study - correct answer Studies performed outside of living organisms, and therefore cannot give insight as to how digestion or bioavailability affects things. Cells are grown in a lab and provided nutrients as well as conditions similar to the human body. (37 degrees Celsius, 5% CO2) Clinical Trial - correct answer Prospective and provides an intervention, are the gold standard of scientific research. They are a controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and effectiveness of different items/regimens. Randomization - correct answer Sick and healthy are equally distributed between the test groups Blinding: Open label Single-blind Double-blind - correct answer OL: both subject and researcher know the treatment SB: the researcher knows the treatment, however the subject is unaware DB: both subject and researcher are unaware of the treatment Placebo effect - correct answer An effect on an individual when receiving a fake treatment but due to belief of actual treatment it improves a health condition similar to the desired outcome Animal Studies - correct answer These studies are less expensive, and easier to control than with humans. However, their physiology and metabolisms are different than humans, as well as models of disease, which makes it hard to interpret results. What is commonly used when interpreting results/statistics? - correct answer p.05 What does 1 mean when it comes to statistics? - correct answer exposure is associated with neither increased nor decreased risk (neutral). What does it mean when the exposure is less than 1? - correct answer Decreased risk What does it mean when the exposure is greater than 1? - correct answer increased risk What does 2 mean when it comes to statistics? - correct answer twice the risk What does .05 mean when it comes to statistics? - correct answer • half the risk of the exposure versus the comparison group. What is the ranking of different forms of evidence strongest to weakest? - correct answer 1. Systematic Literature Reviews 2. Clinical Trials 3. Cohort 4. Case-Control 5. Cross-Sectional 6. animal studies 7. In vitro What is the process to publishing an article? - correct answer 1. Research work is written 2. Work is submitted 3. Goes to the editorial board: Accept, send back, reject 4. Reviewers 5. Reviewers opinion 6. Back to editorial board What is the confidence interval? - correct answer 0.5-1.5 How do you tell if something is not significantly different or is significantly different? - correct answer 1 shows not significantly different Intervals above or below one - significantly different Difference between simple and complex carbohydrates - correct answer simple - 1-2 sugars complex - more than 2 sugars What types of simple carbohydrates are there? - correct answer Monosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides - correct answer glucose, fructose, galactose hexoses - 6 carbon atoms, tetrahedral 1 sugar Fructose - correct answer five member ring commonly found in fruits and commercial beverages Galactose - correct answer six member ring not usually found in nature alone found in disaccharide lactose Glucose - correct answer six member ring product of photosynthesis m