FNDH 400 Final Exam

what's the importance of thionein to zinc? - correct answer it's the storage protein -is a better simulator of thionein levels what's the importance of metallothionein to zinc? - correct answer it's what thionein is known as once thionein has bound a mineral (or a metal) what's the importance of thionein and metallothionein to copper? - correct answer copper binds to this to form metallothionein -a more avid binder to this protein metalloenzymes - correct answer enzymes that use zinc as a cofactor cupric (Cu2+) - correct answer oxidized form of copper cuprous (Cu1+) - correct answer reduced form of copper why is copper important to iron absorption/transport? - correct answer it's dependent on two copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and hephaestin to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ -Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin what form of copper is used in supplements that is essentially not absorbed at all? - correct answer cupric oxide why can copper deficiency result in hypochromic anemia? - correct answer it can result in a secondary iron deficiency, since Fe2+ cannot be oxidized to Fe3+ to bind to transferrin what are Kayser-Fleischer rings? - correct answer golden to greenish-brown rings around the edges of the cornea -result of copper toxicity what do Kayser-Fleischer rings result from? - correct answer wilson's disease -a genetic disorder where a mutation in ATP7B prevents copper excretion, resulting in copper toxicity how can high zinc consumption lead to deficiencies in copper and iron? - correct answer -no ceruloplasmin is produced and released into circulation -decreasing ceruloplasmin in circulation and hephaestin on the membrane of the enterocyte which normally convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ so that iron can bind to transferrin -without them Fe3+ is not formed from Fe2+ -Fe2+ is "trapped" in the enterocyte because it can't bind to transferrin -enterocytes containing the "trapped" iron move up the crypt and are also sloughed off and excreted in feces -iron consumed essentially is lost from the body through this process what are electrolytes? - correct answer compounds that separate into ions (molecules with a charge) in water what are cations? - correct answer ions that have a positive charge -a class of electrolytes what are anions? - correct answer ions that have a negative charge -a class of electrolytes how can increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased blood pressure in salt-sensitive individuals? - correct answer -salt-sensitive means blood pressure increases with increased salt intake and decreases with decreased salt intake -increased plasma sodium concentrations increases plasma volume and blood pressure prevalence of salt-sensitivity - correct answer -25% of normotensive (normal blood pressure) individuals -50% of hypertensive individuals are salt-sensitive salt's relation to hypertension - correct answer (high blood pressure), which increases their risk of developing cardiovascular disease -salt and/or sodium intake is believed to be a major causative factor the impact on recommendations to reduce salt/sodium intake of all foods - correct answer -reducing salt intake might not impact the blood pressure of most people because they are not salt-sensitive -reducing sodium in the food supply would not hurt the vast majority of people -it would likely help salt-sensitive people control their blood pressure DASH diet - correct answer dietary approaches to stop hypertension what does the DASH diet emphasize? - correct answer -fruits, vegetables, fat-free/low-fat milk and milk products, whole grain products, fish, poultry, nuts -high in potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, fiber what does the DASH diet limit? - correct answer red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-containing beverages what's the debate around whether public health policy should be trying to reduce the salt intake of everyone? - correct answer currently there is not a consensus about appropriate levels of salt intake arguments for reducing salt - correct answer -salt-sensitive people don't have very many options because salt is so prevalent in foods -reducing salt would work for the greater good, insurance coverage/costs would be less because salt-sensitive people would have this help in controlling their blood pressure arguments against reducing salt - correct answer -salt is a flavor enhancer and makes many foods more palatable -not everyone is salt-sensitive, and there is not a good way to find out ceruloplasmin's dual roles in the body - correct answer -oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ so it can bind to transferrin -transports copper through circulation